
Glass JLSL^l 



Issued February 21, 1913. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 254. 

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. 



THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY 
OF THE UNITED STATES. 



BY 



E. R. LAKE, 

Assistant Pomologist , Pomological Collections. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFJOE. 

1913. 



Mono#«ph, 



/ 



Bui. 254, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate I 




P q 



Issued February 27, 1913. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 254. 

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. 



THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY 
OF THE UNITED STATES. 



E. R. LAKE, 
Assistant I'omologist, Pomological Collections. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1913. 









^ N 



K) V 



BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 



Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. GALLOWAY. 
Assistant Chief of Bureau, William A. Taylor. 
Editor, J. E. Rockwell. 
Chief Clerk, James E. Jones. 



POMOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS. 
SCIENTIFIC STAFF. ' 

G. B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. 
E. R. Lake, Assistant Pomologist. 
C. P. Close, Pomologist, Fruit Identification. 



254 
2 



D. OF D. 
MAR 17 1913 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Bureau or Plant Industry, 

Office of the Chief, 

Washington, I). C, July 1, 1012. 

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend 
for publication as Bulletin No. 251 of the series of this Bureau the 
accompanying paper, entitled " The Persian Walnut Industry of the 
United States," by Mr. E. E. Lake, Assistant Pomologist, Pomological 
Collections, Bureau of Plant Industry. 

The consumption and price of walnuts in the United States have 
greatly increased during the past decade, while the output of the 
home-grown product has been practically at a standstill, though 
rather extensive plantings have been made during the past ten years. 
The purpose of this paper is to explain in terms of actual orchard 
conditions why this apparent anomaly exists, and to present the best 
information obtainable as to the methods of making it possible to 
extend the area of successful cultivation of this nut. It aims further 
to answer the many questions now being propounded by a public that 
has been stimulated by alluring promises of marvelous incomes from 
orchard plantings of this tree. 

Secondary aims of the author have been to describe the varieties 
of Juglans regia in such a manner as to make it possible for a lay- 
man to identify the known varieties and at the same time to lay the 
foundation for a systematic classification of this nut, to the end that 
a better knowledge of types and varieties will enable the planter to 
avoid many of the costly errors of the past. 
Respectfully, 

B. T. Galloway, 

Chief of Bureau. 

Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 

254 Q 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Introduction 9 

Description of the Persian walnut tree 11 

The crop and its uses 12 

Nuts as food 12 

Oil 13 

Pickles 14 

Distribution and areas of culture 15 

Cultural range 15 

Range by States 17 

Climatic conditions required in walnut growing 20 

Soil requirements for walnut orcharding 24 

Factors in locating a walnut orchard 24 

Location 24 

Site 25 

Varieties and types of walnuts 26 

Classification and description of varieties 29 

Scheme of classification 29 

Descriptive list of varieties 30 

Weight and measurement 57 

Propagation 58 

Stocks 61 

Growing the stock 62 

Nursery tillage 63 

Scions 63 

Tools 64 

Grafting 65 

Preparing the scion 67 

Care of the graft 69 

Budding 69 

Waxes 74 

Planting, training, and pruning 74 

Pollination 76 

Planting 78 

Training 81 

Pruning 83 

Cultivation of the orchard 84 

Irrigation 85 

Cover crops 85 

Fertilizers 86 

Intercrops 88 

Fillers 88 

Pests and diseases 89 

Blight 89 

Sunburn and perforation '. . 92 

Insects 93 

254 5 



6 CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Harvesting the crop and preparing it for market 93 

Harvesting 93 

Curing 94 

Hulling 95 

Assorting 95 

Processing 95 

Grading 97 

Bleaching 98 

Storing 99 

Walnut growing as a business 100 

Production and consumption 100 

Yield 101 

Food value 103 

Investment and operation 104 

Bibliography 1 105 

Description of plates 112 

254 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



PLATES. 

Page. 
Plate I. A well-kept California walnut orchard, illustrating the thorough tillage 

that may be readily maintained among low-headed trees. .Frontispiece. 

II. Varieties of walnuts — 1 112 

III. Varieties of walnuts — II 112 

IV. Varieties of walnuts — I II 112 

V. Varieties of walnuts — IV 112 

VI. Varieties of walnuts — V 112 

VII. Varieties of walnuts — VI 112 

VIII. Varieties of walnuts— VII - 112 

IX. Varieties of walnuts— VIII 112 

X. Varieties of walnuts — IX 112 

XI. Varieties of walnuts — X 112 

TEXT FIGURES. 

Fig. 1. Cleft grafting: First position of the knife when making a cut 66 

2. Cleft grafting: Second position of the knife when making a cut 66 

3. Cleft grafting: Large stock of Persian walnut split to receive four scions 67 

4. Cleft grafting: Third position of the knife when making a cut 68 

5. Cleft grafting: Scion prepared for insertion 68 

6. Cleft grafting: Scion inserted in the cleft; the completed graft wrapped 

and waxed 68 

7. Grafted stock wrapped with a plain or waxed cotton band 69 

8. Completed cleft graft covered with wax 69 

9. Completed cleft graft covered with a strong paper bag 1<» protecl it from 

evaporation 70 

10. Modified wedge grafting 71 

11. Modified whip grafting 72 

12. Stays applied to a top-worked walnut tree 73 

13. Budding by the T, shield, or slip process 74 

14. Steps in the process of T, shield, or slip budding 75 

15. Steps in the process of chip budding 76 

16. Plate or partial ring budding 77 

17. First and last steps in the process of prong budding or prong grafting. . 78 

18. Young shoot of Persian walnut with a piece of the previous year's 

growth, showing staminate and pistillate flowers in situ 79 

19. Sexual organs of the Persian walnut 80 

20. Young walnut tree staked and tied 81 

21. Unpruned Persian walnut tree with an abundance of trailers 82 

22. A harrow used by California cultivators to produce the dust mulch 

much employed in the groves of that State 84 

23. Screening and curing Persian walnuts at Anaheim, Cal 94 

24. Hulling and sorting Persian walnuts near Santa Barbara, Cal 95 

254 

7 



B. P. I.— 752. 



THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY OF THE 
UNITED STATES.' 



INTRODUCTION. 

The Persian walnut, more generally spoken of as the English 
walnut, came into cultivation in western Europe by way of Greece. 
The early Greek names " Persicon " and " Basilicon," applied to this 
nut, imply that is was either " brought from Persia by the monarchs 
of Greece or sent thither by the kings of Persia." Later the Greeks 
called it " Caryon, on account of the heaviness of the head which its 
strong odor caused." 

The tree was really first brought into cultivation in Italy with the 
dawn of the Christian Era. Prior to this time the nuts were an 
article of commerce coming to Rome and other western marts under 
a multiplicity of names from Greece and the interior of Asia Minor. 
Particularly did the names used by early authors, like Grenoble or 
Sorrento of to-day, which designate localities or even shipping points, 
indicate the region known as Pontus in Asia Minor as the source of 
this nut. 

As verifying the view that the walnut was not cultivated in 
Europe prior to the birth of Christ, Helm in his book entitled " The 
Wanderings of Plants and Animals " says: 

In any case the want of settled names for these nuts proves that there was no 
general cultivation of these trees (almond, chestnut, and walnut) in Italy at 
the time of Cato, 234-149 B. C, though the walnut is mentioned several times 
by Varro, 11G-27 B. C, and once by Cicero, 106-43 B. C, who relates that the 
daughters of Dionysius singed that tyrant's beard off with red-hot nutshells. 

That the walnut was cultivated in other regions prior to the time 
the Komans introduced it into Europe is the opinion of De Candolle, 
who states that the Arabs knew it as Jouz or Jown at an earlier date. 

1 The writer desires to express sincere thanks to all those who. by contributions of 
data, specimens, or other material, have rendered valuable aid in the preparation of this 
bulletin. Especially to the following is he indebted for numerous favors : Prof. C. W. 
Beers, P. J. Berckmans Co., Leonard Coates, Dr. W. W. Fitzgerald, C. B. Franklin. Ferd 
Groner, L. C. Hall, Ely I. Hutchinson, F. A. Leib, M. McDonald, Dr. Robert T. Morris, 
J. B. Neff, George C. Payne, Pomeroy Bros., E. M. Price, Thomas Prince, J. G. Rush, 
C. C. Teague, Tribble Bros., the Vrooman Estate, E. G. Ware, and R. Wiltz. 
254 

9 



10 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

The same author asserts that both the Bohemian name Oresak and 
the Biscayan name Encauria indicate that this tree was cultivated 
before the days of the Roman emperors. The Greek word " eros," 
which is found only once in the Bible, is held to be the term used to 
designate the walnut at that remote date. 

It was during the imperial days of Rome, when it was commonly 
known as Jove's nut, Jupiter's acorn, or the nut of the gods, and 
used in the ceremonials associated with weddings, that the walnut 
was first distinguished by the name Juglandes. As an instance of 
the confusion that existed as to its name prior to this date, and which 
would appear to imply that only the crudest form of cultivation, if 
any at all, was accorded the walnut at that period, we find that "the 
popular name Jupiter's acorn, Dios balanos, which in Greek meant 
chestnut, has in the corresponding Latin form Juglans (Jovi-glans) 
the meaning of walnut." 

The term " walnut " is a corruption of " Gall nut," the name under 
which the product of the trees of Gaul, the ancient name of France 
and adjacent territory, was marketed. It was probably first used 
by the Germans to designate the product as "the foreign nut." 

The chief credit for bringing this tree under cultivation appears 
to belong to Vitellius, a Roman emperor, A. D. 39. Once established 
upon the soil of Italy it made rapid progress into the adjacent parts 
of Europe, being disseminated throughout the various territories 
covered by the Romans in their several northern and western inva- 
sions and remaining to bless the land as one of the beneficent inci- 
dents of devastating war after the conqueror had been conquered. 

Though this tree, which is now known to science as Juglans regia 
and the product of which has been known successively or collectively 
to the trade as Persian, royal, Madeira, French, English, California, 
and even Oregon walnuts, was probably introduced into cultivation 
from Persia, it has been found growing in a state of nature in widely 
separated sections of the mountains of southwestern Asia, including 
northern India, southern China, Asia Minor, Afghanistan, the Cau- 
casus, and in portions of southeastern Europe adjacent to Asia. 
Evidences of an even wider distribution of this tree in geologic ages 
is afforded by the fossils of the Tertiary period, which according to 
M. de Saporta show 7 that it formerly existed in Provence and else- 
where in the southeastern portion of France. Other species of Jug- 
lans are catalogued from Jamaica, Spain, North and South America, 
Cuba, Japan, and Australia. At present it may be said that Juglans, 
through its various species, encircles the globe in the following 
manner: Eastern shore of Asia, Juglans sieboldiana and •/. cordi- 
formis, the Japan walnuts; western Asia and eastern Europe, 
J. regia, the royal walnut; eastern America, ./. nigra and •/. cinerea^ 
the black walnut and the white walnut or butternut; western 

254 



DESCRIPTION OF THE PERSIAN WALNUT TREE, 11 

America, ./. californica, the California black walnut. There are two 
quite well-defined forms of /. calif ornica. The northern form is 
a large tree, while the southern form usually assumes the habit of a 
large shrub. In the following pages reference is made to the northern 
form only. These species, together with the northern Chinese walnut 
(•/. mandshurica) , the Cuban walnut (■/. insularis), the rock walnut 
of Texas (•/. rupestris), three Mexican species, and those of South 
America afford evidence of adaptability to a wide range of environ- 
ment. 

DESCRIPTION OF THE PERSIAN WALNUT TREE. 

The Persian walnut tree under favorable soil and climatic condi- 
tions is of large growth and long life. The following statements 
taken from the Gardeners'' Chronicle, London, England, are cited 
as instances of the great growth and age to which this tree may 
attain : 

The famous old Beachemwell tree in England Lad the following recorded 
dimensions: Height, 90 feet; spread, 120 feet; height of trunk, 10 feet; diameter 
of trunk, nearly 10 feet; yield of nuts in one season, 54,000. 

The colossal tree that grew in the Department of Lot in France lived to be 
at least 300 years old. with a spread of 12H feet, a trunk 20 feet high and 14 
feet in diameter. Its crop record was 15 bags a year on the average. 

The giant walnut that stood in Baidar Valley, near Balaklava, in the Crimea, 
reached the age of 1,000 years, and for a long time yielded annually 80,000 
to 100,000 nuts, the joint property of live Tartar families, who shared its 
product equally. 

In California, trees reputed to be approximately 140 years old, 
and with trunks 4 feet or more in diameter, are to be seen in the 
oldest missions. In some of the larger commercial orchards, from 
35 to 40 years old, are to be found many trees with trunks 2 feet 
in diameter and a spread of 80 feet. 

One of the successful growers of Carpinteria, Cab, Mr. C. B. 
Franklin, has said that he can see no reason why a walnut orchard in 
that locality should not continue to bear profitable crops until the 
trees are 150 to 200 years old, provided they are given good care and 
planted at least 45 feet apart on deep, mellow, rich soil. 

In a more conservative view, however, F. E. Kellogg, of Santa 
Barbara, CaL, who has been intimately associated with the growth 
of at least two of the pioneer orchards of the State, is firmly of the 
opinion that the profitable life of a walnut orchard may be extended 
to 35 years if the trees are planted 50 to GO feet apart on good, well- 
drained soil. This statement is not intended to imply in the least 
that individual and scattered trees may not bear profitably much 
longer. In fact, so far as authentic records are available, the data 
that pertain to exceptional longevity, enormous size, and extraordi- 
nary yield relate to single, isolated trees. 

25* 



12 THE PERSIAN" WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

It may be said in this connection that the foregoing opinions of 
Mr. Franklin and Mr. Kellogg are based upon their knowledge of the 
conduct of seedling trees, grown under the conditions existing in south- 
ern California. Notwithstanding the somewhat divergent views as 
to the period of profitable fruitfulness and the distance between 
the trees, the consensus of opinion is to the effect that in vigor, size, 
and longevity the walnut exceeds any other of our commercial or- 
chard trees. As a crop for long-time investment under a suitable 
environment, it offers attractions and inducements that are scarcely 
equaled by any other. Acre for acre, few individual trees are re- 
quired, thus minimizing the loss from individual weaknesses. 
Modern methods of propagation assure a uniform product. The 
steady increase in crop output until the trees have reached a consider- 
able age (at least half a century) insures an accumulating income. 
The comparative freedom from serious enemies save one, the blight, 
reduces very materially the probable loss of crop or the serious reduc- 
tion of quality values. 

THE CROP AND ITS USES. 
NUTS AS FOOD. 

The chief uses of the walnut are as food, mainly dessert and con- 
fections, though during the past few years, with the growth of the 
movement looking to the introduction of a larger element of vege- 
table products into our dietary, it has become an important element 
in the composition of many substantial table preparations. Large 
quantities of the lower grade nuts grown in Europe are expressed 
for oil, but very few of the nuts grown in the United States are used 
for this purpose. Walnut oil is highly esteemed in France and in 
some instances is used in preference to that of the olive. It is also 
rated high as a drying oil for artists' use. In Europe considerable 
quantities of young walnuts are used for making pickles and catchups, 
and though inquiries for such preparations have been" made recently 
in the United States it is found that they are not produced in com- 
mercial quantities from American-grown nuts. As an article of con- 
fection the smaller walnuts find a ready sale, and large quantities 
are annually consumed. 

The first effort by an American firm to put the cracked nuts upon 
the market in commercial quantities was made with the crop of 1910, 
when a Los Angeles firm purchased large quantities of culls at 2^ to 
3^ cents per pound and after putting them through an improved 
power cracker sold about 25 tons of assorted meats. The market 
price was 35 cents per pound for the unbroken meats and 28 cents 
for broken meats. The shells were sold for fuel purposes at 20 cents 
per sack. The very dark, black, and blighted meats were disposed 
of as stock food, though steps have been taken to ascertain whether 



THE CROP AND ITS USES. 13 

much of this low-grade material can not be used for making oil. In 
this connection an excerpt from the correspondence with this office 
of one of New York's largest and most exclusive importers and whole- 
sale grocers, commenting upon the relative selling value of the 
American and French walnut products, may be pertinent to the topic 
under discussion. 

We were interested in the American cracked product last year (1910) prin- 
cipally because we could get it about two weeks before the foreign nuts 
arrived. This enabled us to distribute before the Thanksgiving holidays, which 
is a season of large consumption. Later in the year when the foreign nuts 
began to arrive we purchased chiefly of these, as they were more uniform in 
size, whiter in color, and more carefully assorted. Some years, as in 1910, it 
is found that, of uncracked nuts, the Grenoble, which is the best of the foreign 
nuts, is of higher quality than the home-grown nut ; in other years it is the 
reverse. With the cracked nuts there is little, if any, choice as to quality, 
though there may be considerable in the respects noted above. Seasonal cli- 
matic conditions apparently have much influence upon the quality of the 
walnut. 

Of this last remark something more may be said at this time, 
since seasonal variations in the quality of the product seriously affect 
the commercial stability of the crop. A notable instance of this 
character has been observed in the two crops of Manchurian nuts 
that were imported during 1910 and 1911. The importation of 1910 
proved to be a fair quality hard-shell nut that cracked well, while 
the crop of 1911 was exceedingly disappointing, especially to the 
importers, who were losers by the transaction. The crop of 1911 
cracked badly and, besides, yielded a larger percentage of poor-quality 
nuts as compared with the 1910 crop. Similar experiences followed 
the importation of Chilean nuts, which were formerly imported in 
considerable quantities. Even with the European crop there are 
wide variations in quality from one year to another. 

OIL. 

Thus far, little effort has been made to convert the American prod- 
uct into oil, probably owing to the fact that heretofore the quantity 
of inferior nuts has been very limited, or at least in the process of 
grading they have not been separated from the better quality nuts. 

"With the closer grading that will inevitably accompany an in- 
creased output, a higher price scale, and a more systematic handling 
of the crop there will be a distinct and appreciable quantity of culls 
that must be utilized ; hence, the importance of an establishment for 
the conversion of the low-grade material heretofore of uncertain 
market value into products of recognized market ratings of moment. 

For the past 20 years a grower in the southern California dis- 
trict has annually converted about 1.200 pounds of culls into oil for 
home use, and finds that each year it is increasingly appreciated 

254 



14 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

as an article of food and medicine. As a result of this experience 
in expressing oil from the California product the following data are 
offered those who would utilize the culls. Good oil can be made 
only from sound nuts, though in commercial terms they may be culls. 
In other words, rancid, moldy, or partly decayed meats are not 
suitable for oil making. The nuts must be thoroughly dry before 
being expressed. Nuts, the kernels of which have been blackened 
through sunburn, are suitable for oil making, and such oil will be 
good, provided it is carefully clarified. The best oil is obtained from 
kernels that are plump and white, or at least of light color. Of the 
several varieties tested by the grower referred to, the Placentia 
has given the best results. A sack of the culls of this variety 
as offered in its home district. Orange County, Cal., weighs about 
50 pounds and cracks about 25 pounds of meats, which expressed 
for 24 hours will yield 12 pints of excellent oil. For average 
culls, all varieties and one year with another, 25 pounds of meats 
yield 1 gallon of oil. Culls usually yield from 15 to 20 pounds 
of meats for each 50 pounds of nuts. Shriveled meats are as good 
as plump ones, but the quantity of oil in them is less. Oil experts 
have pronounced the oil from the soft-shell superior to that from 
the hard-shell varieties, though pound for pound the kernel yield 
is about the same. In any event care and cleanliness must be 
exercised in making the oil; otherwise the quality of the meats will 
count for naught. Under present conditions nuts are more profitably 
sold at 10 cents per pound than expressed into oil. 

PICKLES. 

Large quantities of immature walnuts are imported into the 
United States from Holland and England for use as pickles, catchups, 
sauces, and flavoring material. The nuts after being processed and 
barreled in brine are shipped in TO-gallon casks at a cost to the im- 
porter of $15 to $18, duty and freight included. There is no doubt 
that this part of the market demand for walnuts could be supplied 
by our own growers if on trial the cost of production permitted. 

For pickling, the nuts are gathered when tender enough to be 
easily pierced by a large pin. At this stage they are entirely free 
from woodiness. a prime requisite for high-quality pickles. When 
picked the nuts are placed for nine days in a brine consisting of 
4 pounds of salt to 1 gallon of water, renewed on the third and sixth 
days. On the tenth day the walnuts are removed from the brine and 
exposed to direct sunlight about tw T o days until perfectly black. 
Sometimes the nuts are treated with dry salt instead of brine. This 
treatment, it is claimed, blackens them without exposure to sunlight. 
After the nuts are fully blackened they are placed in clean, dry jars 



DISTRIBUTION AND AEEAS OF CULTURE. 15 

and covered with hot, spiced malt vinegar, to each quart of which 
are added 2 ounces of whole pepper and 1 ounce each of allspice and 
bruised ginger root. Sometimes a few shallot onions are added to the 
boiling vinegar. After the jars are filled and the tops screwed down 
they are placed in a cool, dry room and in a month are ready for use, 
though they may be kept for 3 or 4 years. 

Taken at the same stage of growth as for pickling and boiled in 
a rich sirup, walnuts are said to make a delicious and delicate 
sweetmeat. 

DISTRIBUTION AND AREAS OF CULTURE. 
CULTURAL RANGE. 

As indicated by its variable natural habitat, the walnut may be 
grown over an extended area, though the profitable production of a 
high-class nut is confined to relatively narrow limits in a few widely 
separated regions — France, Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Rus- 
sia, China, Chile, and the United States. Though grown with com- 
mercial success in these countries, it is only in restricted areas of 
each that the choicer grades are produced, notably in the Grenoble 
district, France, in the vicinity of Sorrento, Italy, and in southern 
California. 

That this nut is not grown successfully over a more extended area 
has been largely due to the absence of a thorough effort at improve- 
ment and adaptation, there having been practically no advance in 
varietal improvement since the origin of the Franquette, over 100 
years ago. Likewise, there has been only one notable instance of 
adaptation through selection, the Santa Barbara soft-shell, unless 
we take cognizance of the recent evidence of blight-resistant varieties 
in southern California. Within the past five years considerable 
impetus has been given the idea that the area of profitable walnut 
culture in the United States may be largely extended through the 
employment of other stocks than its own upon which to work the 
choicer and more hardy varieties of the Persian. Careful considera- 
tion of varietal requirements and adaptation by selection materially 
advance the view that the walnut may be commercially grown over 
a considerably wider area than was formerly supposed. 

Various though not extended tests demonstrate that several of the 
leading commercial varieties of Juglans regia, the Persian walnut, 
when worked upon the American species /. nigra and J. calif omica 
may be successful in regions where formerly the Persian was a failure. 
The native stocks being more resistant to drought, heat, excess of 
moisture, alkalis, and unseasonable and severe changes in tempera- 
ture, makes it possible to utilize a much greater range of soil and 

254 



16 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

climatic conditions than has been deemed possible. Not only has the 
work with the American stocks given excellent results, but some very 
remarkable developments have followed the work of top and crown 
grafting upon certain hybrids originating in California, notably the 
Paradox and Royal. The Paradox is the offspring of a cross-pollina- 
tion between J . regia and J. caUfornica, while the Royal is the off- 
spring of a cross-pollination between J. nigra and /. califormca. 
These hybrids are characterized by an extraordinary vigor of growth, 
in many instances a year's growth of 12 to 15 feet as against half 
as much in the parents. Like the native species, these hybrids are 
hardier than the Persian walnut and not so subject to injury by 
early spring changes in temperature, which, through starting and 
checking a premature flow of sap, seriously damage the younger wood 
and blossoms. Grafted upon these hybrid stocks, the Persian walnut 
makes a remarkable growth and so far as tests with them have been 
made gives promise of early and abundant fruitfulness. 

Serious defects appear in these hybrids in that while a few trees 
are reported prolific they are generally indifferent bearers and that 
the seedlings grown from the nuts vary greatly in vigor, in some 
instances not over 20 per cent being first class. Though this makes 
it necessary to grow a large number of seedlings for a small quantity 
of first-grade stock, some propagators consider the expense repaid by 
the exceptional vigor of the seedlings, surpassing the native blacks or 
the Persian. This view is strengthened by the observation of F. A. 
Leib, an extensive experimenter in the propagation of the walnut, 
who says : 

On the root depends the entire success of the orchard, and after an extended 
investigation we are convinced that the nuts of certain of onr hybrids produce 
trees that surpass all others in sturdiness, adaptability, and rapidity of growth. 

Of Mr. Leib's statement it may be said that, while he attaches great 
importance to the value of the root, or stock, and his words even imply 
that the whole credit of successful growth is due to the root, in his 
own practice he uses every precaution in the selection of scions, thus 
doubly insuring the production of a successful tree. 

Mr. Payne, an observer, propagator, and grower of the walnut, is 
of the opinion that the merits of these hybrids are not yet fully deter- 
mined. He says: 

I have noticed thai in dry seasons the Paradox seems unable to furnish 
as much moisture for the development of its crop as the native California black 
growing under the same conditions. The nuts in the instances observed were 
considerably smaller on the Paradox root than on the native black, and I ascribe 
this result to a shortage in the water supply. Of the seedlings from the two 
hybrids, those of the royal are by far better, though they vary widely in general 
character as to vigor of growth, foliage, and resistance, while some of them 
when grafted refuse to unite with the Persian scion. 

254 



DISTRIBUTION AND AEEAS OF CULTURE. 17 

Mr. Payne's observation is not yet verified by other propagators, 
and it is possible that local conditions may have been a determining 
factor in the results observed by him. Should his observation as to 
the inability of the hybrids to endure drought become established a 
great part of their prospective value as stocks would be lost and the 
native black walnuts would be the sole reliance upon which to predi- 
cate the future extension of the area of walnut orcharding in the 
United States. 

RANGE BY STATES. 

Alabama. — " The walnut has not been grown in this State with any degree of 
success, except in a small way. So far as the product of the tree is concerned, 
it is usually strong flavored and early becomes rancid." (P. F. Williams, Ala- 
bama Agricultural Experiment Station.) 

Arkansas. — "It is reported that an English walnut tree near Little Rock has 
been fruiting for several years, and it is recommended that it be tried further 
in the cotton belt." (Arkansas State Horticultural Society, Report, 1910.) 

Colorado. — " One tree of the walnut, variety unknown, is successfully growing 
near Boulder, on the mesa near the foothills. There are no commercial plant- 
ings of this nut in the State to my knowledge." (D: M. Andrews, Colorado.) 

District of Columbia. — In various parts of the District of Columbia are to be 
found large, thrifty seedling trees of the Persian walnut, but as far as examined, 
with one exception, the Barnes, the fruit is of indifferent size and quality. 
The climatic conditions are such that the trees do not bear regularly, though 
in the case of the Barnes it is reputed to be a good bearer, considering its 
immediate environment. 

Florida. — " It is agreed on all hands that Juglans regia has failed in Florida. 
Many report that the trees die before bearing, though I have heard of some 
that bore. It is not recommended by any of the nurserymen of the State. 
J. cordiformis and •/. sieboldiana, on the other hand, flourish well in north 
Florida and bear profusely. But the shells of their nuts are so hard and thick 
that ''here seems no prospect of their fruit rivaling the thin-shelled varieties of 
./. regia as a commercial product. Of the two, J. cordiformis seems preferable. 
I am unaware of any attempt to grow Japanese walnuts on a commercial 
scale in Florida." {John Belling, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station.) 

Georgia. — " In 1908 and again in 1910 we made an extended inquiry of south- 
ern planters and nurserymen as to the success of the walnut in the South. 
After giving the reports of their various correspondents careful consideration 
we can not recommend the planting of the English walnut for commercial pur- 
poses this side of the Rocky Mountains." (P. J. Bcrekmans Co., Georgia.) 

Indiana. — Though a few trees of the walnut are reported as successfully 
fruiting in Indiana, no especial effort has been made to give it a thorough 
trial. During the past year, however, one or two enthusiastic citizens of the 
State have undertaken to give the subject an extended experimental test. 

Louisiana. — "About 15 years ago I planted grafted trees of several varieties 
of Juglans regia obtained from Felix Gillet, of California. The stock used was 
regia and these trees are now all dead, although the Mayette tree lived until 
two years ago and had attained a height of 20 feet, with a trunk 5 or G inches 
in diameter. This tree bore pistillate flowers for several years, but set no fruit. 
T now have a Mayette tree, top-budded on black walnut, which seems healthy, 
60951°— Bull. 254—13 2 



18 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

as does another of the Gillet varieties similarly worked. About the time that I 
planted the Gillet trees, Luther Burbank sent me a number of seedling trees 
of the Santa Rosa. One of these is still alive, but not more than 4 feet high. 
The native black grows and bears well here." (B. M. Young, Morgan City, 
La., 1910.) 

Maryland.—" Maryland, except the two westernmost counties, and Dela- 
ware have been producing fairly good seedling Persian walnuts for 100 years, 
and there are many young, middle-aged, and very old trees with good bearing 
records. The soil and climate are adapted to hardy types of the Persian wal- 
nut, and a lively interest has been created in nut culture in these States in 
the last five years. A good many young walnut trees are being planted." 
(C. P. Close, Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station.) 

Massachusetts. — "It can hardly be said that it [the Persian walnut] can be 
grown successfully in this State, although it is possible that a specimen grow- 
ing in a particularly favorable location may live to become of considerable 
size." (William P. Rich, secretary, Massachusetts Horticultural Society.) 

"It [the Persian walnut] does not succeed here [Amherst], and I ki, v of 
no place in the State where it does." (F. A. Waugh, Massachusetts Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station.) 

Michigan. — •" I have a 16 or 17 year old Persian walnut tree that has borne 
every year for the past seven years. I also have trees 6 years old raised 
from nuts off this older tree, and I believe they will bear in another year. 
The parent tree is 26 inches in circumference and about 20 feet high." (F. P. 
Andrus, Michigan, 1911.) 

Many other trees of this species, Juglans regia, have been planted in this 
State, if the records of nurserymen's sales may be relied upon, but we have 
been unable to obtain any record of their bearing. 

Montana. — " The only English walnuts being tested in Montana, so far as I 
know, are a few varieties planted on our substation grounds at Corvallis. 
These have been out two years and have made a very unsatisfactory showing. 
Two or three trees out of 30 or 40 are alive at this time." (O. B. Whipple, 
Montana Agricultural Experiment Station.) 

Nevada. — " To my knowledge, there is only one tree of the Persian walnut 
growing in the State of Nevada. This tree is somewhere between 15 and 20 
years old and is growing near Franktown, Washoe County. It is about 60 feet 
high, with irregular branches, and bears abundant crops about once every four 
years and misses a crop about one year in seven. The nuts are smaller and 
have harder shells than the ones usually bought in stores." (P. Bcccridge 
Kennedy. Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station.) 

New Mexico. — " In, New Mexico no record has been made of the planting of 
the walnut, yet Juglans rupestris grows naturally in several sections of the 
State, while J. califomica is growing and fruiting successfully on the grounds 
of the experiment station." (Fabian Garcia, New Mexico Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station.) 

New York. — Many trees of the Persian walnut are fruiting in this State, 
especially in the region tributary to Lake Ontario, about New York City, and 
on Long Island. Several of the older trees have yielded profitable commercial 
crops for the past 20 years. Recently many seedling trees have been planted 
throughout the State, and a few grafted trees are also being tried. 

North Carolina. — Reports state that there are a few walnut trees growing 
indifferently in North Carolina, 
254 



DISTRIBUTION AND AREAS OF CULTURE. 19 

Ohio. — " I do not know that any attempts are being made to grow the walnut 
upon a commercial scale in this State." (W. Paddock, Ohio Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station.) 

Individual trees, however, have been reported as growing and bearing suc- 
cessfully in various parts of the State. 

South Carolina. — " Though numerous plantings of the walnut have been made 
in South Carolina, there are no records of successful croppage. Even the 
particularly hardy Juglans sieboldiana is reported as not hardy enough for the 
conditions in this State, though J. nigra thrives and bears abundantly at an 
early age in various parts of the State." (A. G. Shanklin, Clemson College, 
S. C.) 

From other sources it is learned that the tree appears to be hardy enough 
in some localities, but that it fails to set fruit. 

Tennessee. — "A great many Persian walnut trees in this State are planted 
in gardens and lawns, but no one, so far as I know, has attempted an orchard 
of them. Some trees at Hermitage bore the first time about three years ago." 
(C. A. Keffer, Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station.) 

Texas. — " In 1903 we planted several trees of English walnuts at this 
station, but our results have been entirely negative in character. The trees 
made a very poor growth, and all but one died inside of four years. This one 
is still living, but has made only a low, scrubby growth — less than 5 feet — 
and has not fruited. Judging from our experience, I doubt if they are suited 
to this vicinity." (W. S. JJotchkiss, Texas Agricultural Experiment Substa- 
tion, Troup, Tex.) 

Virginia. — " So far as I am aware, the walnut is not grown in a systematic 
way in Virginia, though there are scattered seedlings in various parts of the 
State." (H. S. Price, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station.) 

M'ashington. — " The first walnuts planted in this part of the State were set 
out in 1896. In this first planting there were 15 trees (this tract has increased 
until at present there are 175 trees), all seedlings. They have grown vigorously 
and have been bearing good crops of nuts of variable quality since they were 
G and 7 years old. One of them, for which H. E. Van Deman suggests 
the name of Chelan, is considered to be a very promising variety. There are 
now about 30 acres of planted walnuts in this section." (W. P. Shepard, Lake 
Chelan, Wash.) 

In the southwestern part of the State, especially in the vicinity of Van- 
couver, this tree has been growing and fruiting for approximately a quarter 
of a century. Not only have the trees of the Franquette and Mayette varieties 
been yielding excellent returns, but several local seedlings have been developed, 
two or three of which promise to be even better than their parents, the 
original varieties stated above. 

In various parts of New Jersey, Virginia, and West Virginia vig- 
orous, thrifty seedling trees are to be found. Several of these trees 
produce quite regular crops of nuts of more than passing merit. 
Most of them, however, yield nuts of inferior quality, and the chief 
value of the trees lies in the fact that they afford ample proof that 
the walnut can be grown in these various districts with measurable 
success. Top-working these trees with wood from hardy varieties 
of good quality would probably result in converting what is at 
m 



20 THE PEUSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

present a crop of inferior quality and small value into one of choice 
quality and highest market price, though it is certain that much 
better returns would follow the top-working of the native stock in 
the same or similar localities. 

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS REQUIRED IN WALNUT GROWING. 

The walnut is quite sensitive to changes in temperature during the 
early stages of the vegetative period and while the tree is young. 
It demands a climate that is temperate, relatively mild, and invari- 
able. It is averse to wide ranges of temperature and great humidity, 
and yet it Avill endure without damage considerable rigorous winter 
weather during its dormant period, and even during the annual 
vegetative periods of its later life it will tolerate climatic variations 
such as would greatly injure young trees. 

This tree suffers less from the severe cold of winter than from 
the frosts of late spring or early fall. Intense winter cold may split 
open the trunks and large branches, but serious damage is unlikely 
where the native walnuts range or in the relatively mild climate of 
the Pacific Northwest, especially if the stocks used are the native 
black walnut. The walnut ranges over a considerable area, under 
varying climatic conditions, but the leading commercial varieties, 
especially in the United States, grow within a comparatively re- 
stricted climatic environment. In that part of France where the 
highest grade of the commercial product, the Grenoble walnut, is 
grown, the climate of spring and summer is somewhat cold and the 
winters rigorous. The mean annual temperature of Tullins in the 
valley of the Isere, the heart of the nut-producing area of France, is 
from 45° to 50° F. The rainfall for the district is most abundant 
during the spring and autumn and averages about 40 inches for the 
year. 

The data in Table I, based on what French writers consider the 
relationship of climate to successful walnut culture, present a com- 
pact view of the climatic conditions in those districts of the United 
States which produce nuts in commercial quantities, as well as in a 
few districts where isolated trees or small orchards have borne profit- 
able crops for several years. Considerable of the data given appar- 
ently warrants the belief that so far as climate is concerned the 
area of successful cultivation may be greatly extended; but climatic 
conditions are not alone essential to success. Quite as much depends 
upon the careful selection of varieties, and hardiness is only one of 
the qualities required. The ultimate product, the nut, must be of 
pleasing outline, regular and uniform in size, with :i bright, rich, 
yellowish-colored shell that is thin and firmly sealed. It must 
possess a kernel that is crisp, sweet, light colored, and with little or 
no astringency or bitterness. It should be high flavored, fine grained, 

254 



CLIMATIC CONDITIONS REQUIRED IN WALNUT CROWING. 



21 



rich, and heavy. The tree must be a vigorous grower and must 
yield regular and abundant crops. It must be a self-pollinator and 
not too early. It must carry its blossoms through an extended 
period and be practically blight resistant. 

Table I. — Climatic and other data of important walnut-growing areas. 





France. 


California. 


Oregon. 


Pennsylvania. 


New York. 


Climatic and other 






















data. 


Greno- 
ble. 


Los An- 
geles. 


San 
Jose. 


Santa 
Bar- 
bara. 


Port- 
land. 


Al- 
bany. 


Erie. 


York. 


Roch- 
ester. 


Apple- 
ton. 




45° 30' 
1,000 


34° 3' 

287 


37° 20' 
95 


34° 23' 
130 


45° 32' 
32 


44° 35' 
224 


42° 7' 
658 


39° 50' 
385 


43° 8' 
498 


43° 20' 


Elevation feet.. 


270 


APRIL. 






















Temperature (° F.) 






















(Monthly.. 


51 


60 


56 


58 


51 


51 


45 


50 


45 


44 


Mean'! Maximum . . 


68 


70 




67 


60 


59 


56 


62 


53 


54 


1 Minimum . . 


39 


49 




48 


42 


42 


42 


39 


36 


35 


(Maxi- 






















Absolute. L™ m 


85 


99 


87 


95 


89 


84 


94 


94 


90 


SA 


I mum 


27 


38 


29 


38 


28 


30 


10 


16 


11 


16 


Precipitation, inches: 






















Mean 


3 

40 


1.1 
15.6 


1.4 
14.8 


1.2 
16.6 


3.2 
45.6 


3.6 
44.2 


2.4 
39.2 


2.6 
41.9 


2.4 
34.5 


2 


Annual 


32.7 


MAY. 




Temperature (° F.): 






















(Monthly.... 


58 


63 


60 


60 


57 


57 


57 


64 


57 


55 


Mean< Maximum . . 


68 


73 




69 


67 


69 


65 


73 


66 


65 


[Minimum . . 


40 


52 




50 


48 


46 


49 


50 


47 


44 


(Maxi- 






















Absolute. ™. 


94 


103 


104 


100 


99 


93 


91 


95 


93 


94 


1 mum 


32.2 


40 


32 


40 


32 


32 


31 


31 


28 


26 


Precipitation, inches: 






















Mean 


4.25 


.5 


.6 


.4 


2.4 


2.6 


3.6 


4.3 


3 


2.9 


JULY. 






















Temperature (° F.): 






















(Monthly.... 


69 


71 


67 


65 


67 


67 


71 


75 


71 


70 


Mean-! Maximum . . 


81 


83 




74 


78 


82 


78 


SO 


80 


80 


1 Minimum . . 


56 


59 




56 


56 


51 


64 


53 


62 


59 


(Maxi- 






















Absolute.,™ 


97 


109 


100 


90 


102 


103 


94 


107 


99 


98 


1 mum 


47 


49 


41 


48 


45 


39 


47 


43 


45 


40 


Precipitation, inches: 






















Mean 


4.33 










.6 


.3 


3.1 


4. 1 


3.1 


4.2 


AUGUST. 






















Temperature (° F.): 






















(Monthly.... 


68 


72 


67 


67 


66 


67 


69 


73 


69 


67 


Mean< Maximum . . 


83 


84 




75 


77 


82 


77 


84 


78 


77 


[Minimum . . 


59 


60 




58 


55 


51 


62 


61 


60 


58 


(Maxi- 






















Abso.ute. M - T 


101 


100 


101 


97 


97 


101 


94 


102 


97 


97 


( mum 


45 


50 


42 


52 


43 


42 


47 


42 


43 


41 


Precipitation, inches: 






















Mean 


3.8 









.7 


.4 


3.2 


4.1 


2.9 


3.1 


SEPTEMBER. 








Temperature (° F.): 






















(Monthly.... 


50 


70 


65 


66 


61 


60 


64 


66 


63 


61 


Mean-! Maximum . . 


55 


S2 




74 


71 


72 


60 


77 


72 


71 


[Minimum .. 


51- 


57 




56 


51 


48 


46 


55 


53 


52 


(Maxi- 






















At-ute. mThT 


96 


108 


99 


98 


93 


97 


87 


95 


98 


96 


( mum 


37 


44 


37 


49 


36 


32 


23 


20 


34 


31 


Precipitation, inches: 
























2.6 




.2 


.2 


l.S 


2 


3.6 


3.8 


2.3 


3.2 



254 



22 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

Table I. — Climatic and other data of important walnut-groving areas— Continued. 





France. 


California. 


Oregon. 


Pennsylvania. 


New York. 


Climatic and other 






















data. 


Greno- 
ble. 


Los An- 
geles. 


San 
Jose. 


Santa 
Bar- 
bara. 


Port- 
land. 


Al- 
bany. 


Erie. 


York. 


Roch- 
ester. 


Apple- 
ton. 


OCTOBER. 






















Temperature (° F.): 
(Monthly.... 


48 


64 


00 


03 


54 


53 


53 


53 


51 


50 


Mean] Maximum . . 


52 


70 




72 


02 


64 


48 


64 


59 


60 


[Minimum . . 


37 


52 




54 


46 


43 


35 


42 


42 


42 


(Max i- 






















Absolutely 


84 


102 


93 


90 


83 


84 


74 


88 


87 


88 


[ mum 


37 


40 


32 


47 


31 


29 


26 


20 


19 


24 


Precipitation, inches: 
Mean 


5.6 


.8 


.9 


.8 


3.0 


3.4 


3.8 


3.1 


2.8 


2.4 


DECEMBER. 




Temperature (° F.): 
(Monthly 


34 


56 


50 


50 


42 


41 


43 


43 


29 


30 


Mean-! Maximum . . 


37 


07 




08 


47 


47 


39 


52 


35 


36 


(Minimum . . 


35 


46 




45 


37 


37 


26 


34 


22 


23 


(Maxi- 






















Absolute. L™f] 


04 


89 


78 


84 


05 


63 


70 


77 


70 


66 


[ mum 


05 


30 


22 


32 


3 


18 


-11 


10 


-11 


-2 


Precipitation, inches: 
Mean 


3 


3.3 


2.0 


3.2 


7.4 


7.8 


3.1 


3.4 


2.9 


2.5 


JANUARY. 




Temperature (° F.): 
(Monthly 


36 


54 


48 


53 


39 


39 


27 


33 


24 


26 


Mean-j Maximum . . 


42 


64 




04 


44 


45 


34 


42 


31 


32 


[Minimum . . 


32 


44 




44 


34 


34 


20 


25 


18 


19 


(Maxi- 






















Absolute. M ™ m 


03 


87 


78 


84 


02 


62 


73 


68 


69 


59 


I mum 


-2 


30 


18 


28 


-2 


10 


-15 


-1 


-12 


-2 


Precipitation, inches: 
Mean 


2 


2.8 


2.7 


3.7 


6.6 


6.7 


3 


3.1 


3.2 


2.6 







Table I shows that southern California is remarkably exempt from 
freezing. Practically all the commercial crop in the United 
States is produced in this district with its mild, equable climate and 
deep, fertile soil. Extensive plantings of the Persian walnut are 
being made in other districts, notably in the Santa Clara, San Joa- 
quin, and Sacramento valleys of California and the Umpqua and 
Willamette valleys of Oregon. Limited plantings are also being 
made in several other localities in the Pacific Coast States and in 
some of the Eastern States — New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 
Delaware, and Maryland. 

Though the Santa Barbara soft-shell walnut is the type of our 
present commercial output and the one variety most successful in 
southern California, its prestige may be due to the fact that no 
other variety has been generally tried in that district. Its early 
and continued financial success prevented the development of any 
better variety until the time of the blight invasion a few years ago. 
Now there is a decided effort to find a variety with the merits of 



CLIMATIC CONDITIONS REQUIRED IN WALNUT GROWING. 23 

the soft-shell that shall be blight resistant. It is quite possible that 
out of this inquiry, which is certain to be an exhaustive one because 
of the great value of the crop, there will come a new type, or at least 
one more definite and uniform. While other districts are selecting 
hardier varieties, southern California, in seeking those that escape 
the late spring frosts, aims to insure not alone the production of a 
crop, but also to provide immunity to blight. By a judicious selec- 
tion of late-vegetating varieties and by top-working upon native 
stocks, growers may successfully produce choice varieties of Persian 
walnuts under a much wider range of climate and soil than formerly 
was possible. Types like the French Franquette, Mayette, and 
Parisienne appear to be worthy of extended trial in the valleys of 
northern California, the higher elevations in the interior of the same 
State, and the western valleys of Oregon and Washington. Among 
promising varieties worthy of trial in this territory are Eureka, 
Prolific, Treyve, and Meylan. Certain growers report that Treyve 
and Meylan are rather shy bearers, which may prove a serious defect 
in these otherwise good varieties. Types of more or less uncertain 
parentage, as the Cumberland, Hall, Holden, Milbank, Mount, Nebo, 
Pomeroy, and Rush, appear to be especially adapted to New York, 
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, and the effort 
now being made to propagate the more promising of them upon the 
eastern black walnut bids fair to greatly stimulate the interest in 
walnut culture in portions of the eastern United States. There is 
little reason to doubt that several of these varieties may be success- 
fully grown and fruited if proper provision is made for pollination. 
To what extent the introduction of grafting upon these hardy 
stocks will change the practice of growing seedlings from fruit of 
mediocre merit is as yet uncertain. Very little grafting has been done 
where only individual trees or small groups about the home grounds 
are grown from hardy seedlings, as in Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, 
Illinois, New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, 
West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
Texas, Colorado, and Idaho. In Texas and Maryland considerable 
interest is being awakened through the work of private experimenters 
and the experiment stations. The range of country covered by the 
above list of States shows the possible area over which the walnut may 
be grown. In most instances only very indifferent success commer- 
cially has been attained with seedling trees of the Persian walnut. 
California and Oregon are exceptions, and here the day of the seed- 
ling tree is past save as an effort to obtain a new variety. The or- 
chards of the future will be grafted trees of varieties selected to 
meet the local climatic environment. 

254 



24 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

SOIL REQUIREMENTS FOR WALNUT ORCHARDING. 

The walnut delights in a deep, moderately cool, moist soil, mellow, 
alluvial, and rich in humus, but it succeeds well upon clay loams, 
sandy loams, gravelly loams, or friable clays (such as the so-called 
shot clays of the Pacific Northwest) when the surface soil is well 
drained and possesses a liberal humus content and the water table 
is at a depth of 16 or more feet. For the growth and maintenance 
of large, long-lived trees, one thing is essential : The soil must be 
deep, 2 to 3 or more feet, and have a porous subsoil from 8 to 12 
or more feet deep, and in no instance should hardpan, bedrock, or 
impervious clay be at a less depth than 16 to 20 feet. The most 
vigorous and productive walnut orchards in France and California 
are found upon the deep, cool, well-aerated, alluvial soils of the 
valleys, and especially upon slight elevations above the main valley 
floor. 

A moderate lime content is a desirable feature of any soil upon 
which the walnut is to be planted for commercial purposes. Soil 
that is held to be good for orchard and garden crops may be consid- 
ered suitable for walnut trees, provided it is sufficiently deep, well- 
drained as to air and water, and of an elevation sufficient to escape 
the early autumn and late spring frosts. 

A soil composed of small to medium sized gravel mixed with 15 
to 40 per cent of fine sand and clay and 1 to 2 per cent of lime makes 
an excellent host for the walnut tree. The reddish brown alluvial 
soils of the Pacific coast, rich in iron oxids, when overlying a grav- 
elly, sandy subsoil, are among the best for walnut growing, as they 
are usually cool and supplied with moisture which thorough tillage 
and the use of the soil mulch will conserve. These soils are friable 
and rather coarse grained, fertile, well aerated, deep and retentive, 
and very responsive to all active tillage. 

In the Eastern States, so far as present data show, it may be said 
that the Persian walnut flourishes on all soils upon which the black 
walnut is found, and under favorable conditions on some others. In 
fact, reports from 9 or 10 States say that the walnut will grow 
satisfactorily upon any good soil if it is deep, sufficiently well 
drained, aerated, and possesses a low water table. Sandy loams, 
clay loams, gravelly loams if not too open, and sedimentary deposits 
are all, separately or mixed, equally suitable for the growth of this 
tree. 

FACTORS IN LOCATING A WALNUT ORCHARD. 
LOCATION. 

In some respects the problem of locating a walnut orchard is not 
difficult. The product being extremely hard, compact, and long 
keeping, it is not essential that railroad facilities be in the immediate 

254 



FACTORS IN LOCATING A WALNUT ORCHARD. 25 

vicinity. Wherever there are passable roads, suitable soils, a fit site, 
and congenial climate a walnut orchard may be located with quite 
as much assurance of success as if it were close to a great transporta- 
tion system or a ready market. If, during the first few years, the 
grower desires to raise intercrops their importance may be a factor 
in determining the location. The selection of varieties and the neces- 
sity of early marketing affect the problem, since dealers desire the 
product for the Thanksgiving market. Labor for harvesting has 
likewise to be carefully considered, especially where large areas are 
contemplated or where fall rains occur during the period of harvest. 
Should the walnut harvest come at the same time with other 
crops it seems desirable that the location should be near a center of 
population. 

SITE. 

In a general way it may be said that the walnut requires a site that 
Avill insure it protection from excessive heat, cold, wind, drought, 
and moisture. An ideal site is one that affords protection against the 
undue stimulating influences of warm days in early spring, the 
ravages of early autumn frosts, the desiccating effects of drought, 
the distress of a water-logged subsoil, and the parching heat of a 
midsummer sun. To what extent it may be possible to secure all of 
these desirable features in a particular site will depend upon the 
prevailing climatic and topographic conditions. 

European writers consider a western exposure best, and gentle 
slopes of moderate elevation better than valley floors, higher hills, 
or plains. Especially should the lower levels of the valleys be 
avoided if the air is damp and the soil cold and heavy. While the 
walnut demands a soil with plenty of water, it requires at the same 
time a dry atmosphere without too much heat. In some instances 
the fault of a site may be overcome through the selection of suitable 
varieties. Where an intense summer sun would damage the nuts by 
burning, partial or entire exemption may be secured through the 
selection of a variety with an abundance of foliage; where late 
spring frosts occur injury is reduced to a minimum by selecting late 
varieties. Only when it is impossible to secure a first-class site 
should one give a moment's consideration to other than the best 
varieties, such as by early maturity, prolificness, self-fertility, or a 
heavy oil content may yield a crop of substantial value. 

In the coast valleys of southern California damage from spring 
and autumn frosts is almost unknown, though occasionally trees 
growing too late in the autumn have been injured by an unusual cold 
wave. Cold autumn rains rarely damage the crop and are not to be 
considered a serious menace. Under such conditions little difficulty 
will be encountered in selecting a site. Any place that presents a 

254 



26 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

suitable soil and water supply is acceptable. Low-lying valley lands 
and river bottoms, so long as their soils are not cold with excess of 
water, and gently rolling lower benchas are equally suitable. Almost 
universally the more fertile soils of this region occupy the floors 
of the valleys and the river bottoms. Occasionally, however, the 
soils of the lower levels are close, heavy, cold, and poorly drained, 
so that the more suitable site for a walnut grove may be upon the 
first benches or at the head or margin of the valley floor. In the 
interior valleys and plains so little has been done with the walnut 
that anything in the way of specific direction as to site would be 
mere assumption. 

Early and late frosts, hot, dry winds, and intense sunlight are of 
such importance that each planter must decide his own case accord- 
ing to the facts before him. Protection from winds, excessive heat, 
and extra-seasonal frosts should be chief considerations in all plant- 
ings. As a protection against winds one may select the lee side of a 
mountain or timber belt ; against frosts, an elevated site with good 
air drainage or a wind-protected vale where orchard heaters may be 
used in case of need ; and against excessive sunlight, trees with dense 
foliage or nuts with heavy hulls, or both. For the information of 
the inexperienced it should be said that upon this phase of the sub- 
ject few facts are at hand, as the possibility of cultivating this tree 
with commercial success under the conditions that exist in the inte- 
rior valleys of California has received attention only within the past 
few years. 

In the more northern Pacific coast regions, especially in the valleys 
of western Oregon, which appear particularly well adapted to the 
production of a high-grade nut, it is necessary to exercise consider- 
able care in the selection of a site. These valleys have equable cli- 
mate, congenial soil, and abundant moisture, coupled with sufficient 
drainage, but occasional frosts in late spring or early autumn damage 
the crop or even the trees if not properly situated. In some seasons 
the fall rains retard the maturing crop and increase the staining of 
nuts from contact with the soil. A judiciously chosen site should 
provide thorough soil drainage, generous exposure to direct sun- 
light, and a free circulation of air. 

VARIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. 

To-day the leading walnut upon the world's markets is the 
Grenoble, grown in the valley of the Isere, a river having its source 
in the foothills of the western Alps in southeastern France. Strictly 
speaking, the Grenoble nut means the Mayette variety, though the 
term sometimes includes the Franquette and Parisienne varieties 
grown in the same section. The leading product of the American 

254 



VARIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. 27 

walnut orchards, supplying about one-third of the quantity con- 
sumed in the United States, is the Santa Barbara, a soft-shell nut 
that originated with Joseph Sexton, Goleta, Cal., some 40 years ago 
and is reputed to be a seedling from a nut imported from Chile. 
Though this variety (more properly type, if one considers uniformity 
of product) constitutes something like 90 per cent of the home- 
grown walnuts marketed in the United States, several other varieties 
possess high merit. Some of these varieties, notably the home- 
grown Franquette, enter the American market under their own 
names, and it is quite probable that several distinctive American va- 
rieties will be marketed in a few years. Herein is one of the most 
promising aspects of walnut growing — the development of the in- 
dustry beyond a general product. As the apple orchardist during 
the last decade has passed from a grower of apples in general to a 
grower of specific varieties, such as the Winesap, Esopus, etc., so the 
walnut orchardist may anticipate a type of orcharding wherein the 
grower becomes a specialist, a producer of specific varieties for 
definite purposes or because of a special environment. 

The possibility of producing and marketing a distinct type of 
nut, having its own particular merits or qualities, will add many 
attractions to an industry that heretofore has offered no especial 
incentive to the intelligent person looking for opportunity to de- 
velop a special product. Such development of varieties will be 
a necessary result of the climatic requirements of the northern 
Pacific coast, quite different from those giving the best results in 
southern California, and still more so from those yielding partially 
satisfactory results in the Eastern States. That it is possible to 
develop varieties particularly adapted to the requirements of these 
separate districts is no longer considered doubtful by advanced 
workers in nuciculture. To this end substantial aid is expected 
from investigations now being conducted by nurserymen and enthusi- 
astic growers with the late-blossoming varieties and hardy stocks 
in both the Eastern and Pacific Coast States. The California experi- 
ment station at Whittier deserves especial credit for arousing interest 
throughout the State in the effort to develop better varieties, to 
improve the methods of culture, and to plant grafted trees instead 
of seedlings. 

Of the extended list of varieties of Persian walnuts that have been 
catalogued, few are of commercial importance in the United States. 
In this survey of walnut growing, it has been the purpose to 
consider every variety that appears to possess active or latent possi- 
bilities of adaptation and development by which the area of culti- 
vation may be extended. So far as it has been possible to procure 
home-grown specimens of the several varieties, they have been sub- 
jected to critical examination and comparison in order to establish 

264 



28 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

a uniform and amplified description, such as would enable even a 
novice to identify typical specimens of varieties of record. It has 
been impossible within the available time and means to procure 
specimens of all varieties reported to have been grown in the United 
States, and in a few instances we were unable to procure sufficient 
specimens upon which to base a complete description, e. g., of Cosine, 
Honeydew, Nebo, and Parry. The first, Cosine, is an indifferent 
variety, reputed to have originated in Oregon from a Chilean nut, 
and is of historic value only. The other three, and especially Honey- 
dew, are worthy of trial. Nebo is an eastern seedling and may 
possess little merit for Pacific coast planting. Honeydew is a 
superior Mayette, so far as outward appearances indicate, and 
promises to be especially suited to Pacific coast conditions, though 
it may thrive in the Eastern States when grafted upon the eastern 
black walnut. 

The descriptions offered at this time are necessarily incomplete, 
since they are based chiefly upon specimens of the crop of 1910, 
which was a very severe year and an imperfect development of the 
fruit was generally prevalent. The hope is expressed at this time 
that originators and growers will advise the Department of Agri- 
culture of the advent of new varieties or of changes in the conduct 
of established varieties as they are subjected to the influence of new 
environment, so that deficiencies in the descriptions may be corrected 
and printed later, with others that may then be given. 

Nuts of the cultivated varieties of Persian walnut vary greatly in 
<5ize, shape, color, and minor characteristics. Those grown in the 
United States are separated quite readily into varietal groups or 
types — Bijou, Mayette, Franquette, Chaberte, Santa Barbara, Sor- 
rento, etc. — and for the purpose of facilitating classification 20 
such types have been defined. So far as known this is more com- 
plete than any previous grouping of the walnut. Classification 
requirements are apparently best met by the French system, com- 
prising five leading divisions as determined by (1) region, (2) 
location of growth, (3) precocity, (4) thickness of shell, and (5) 
use. Of the various groups, the following may interest American 
planters : 1 

Varieties for lower level lands and plains: Chaberte, Common, 
Parisienne. 

Varieties for hillsides and bench lands: Common, Cornes, 2 Cha- 
berte, Fertile, Franquette, Hardshell, Marbots, 2 Mayette. Saint 
John, Vourey. 

* Arthaud-Berthet, J. Culture du noyer on France. Annates de l'Institut National 
Agronomique, ser. -, t. -, 1903, pp. 1!>-144, 7 pis. 
-Commercial types rather than specific varieties. 
254 



VAKIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. 29 

Varieties for dessert: Cornes, Fertile, Figeac, Franquette, Gaute- 
ron, Marbots, Mayette, Meylan, Nave, Parisienne, Thinshell, Vourey. 

Varieties for confections: Candelon, Careme, Chaberte, Common, 
Small Bound. 

Varieties for oil: Bijou, Candelon, Careme, Chaberte, Cluster, 
Common, Double Kernel, Hardshell, Noisette, Saint John. 

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 

The tentative scheme of classification here given is offered with 
a view to facilitate the study of varieties and types of the walnut 
grown in the United States, and may be of service in the effort to 
extend the area of successful walnut culture. The basis of the 
scheme is the structural resemblance of the nuts, an arbitrary group- 
ing, only incidental consideration being given to botanical relation- 
ships; but this classification does, in effect, group varieties closely 
related, since the form and structure generally indicate varietal 
peculiarities within the several groups. In the future it may be 
possible to classify the varieties according to a more exact and 
natural scheme, but with the data available it appears impossible at 
present. 

Names in italic indicate varieties which are types of their respec- 
tive groups. No type is designated where, so far as ascertained, none 
exists in American orchards. The word " type " after the name im- 
plies that the variety described is the standard of that group. The 
name usually agrees with the type name, though in the case of Per- 
sian Long, Marbot, Sorrento, and Cahor there are no type varieties 
growing in the United States, so far as known. 

SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION. 

Buou : A'Bijou, Acme, Alpine, Barnes. Bijou, Calavette, Glady, Hall, Klondike, 

Mammoth, Payou, Peerless, Willson. 
Cahor: Chelan, Ward. 
Brantome : Hays. 

Chaberte : Chaberte, Drew, 1 Papershell. 
Chinese : Changli. 

Cluster: Cluster, Concord, Fertile (Gillet seedling). 
Common : Weaver. 

Fertile: Fertile, Late Fertile, Mammoth Fertile. 
Franquette: Franmay. Franquette, Mayqnette, Vonrey 2 (short). 
Hybrid : Barthere, Paradox, Royal, Vilmorin. 
Lalande: Derby. 
Mayette: Bennett, Chicoette, 3 Columbus,' 5 Fertile (Gillet seedling). Grand 

Noblesse, Honeydew, Mayette, Mayette Blanche. 

1 Based upon illustration and description by Arthaud-Berthet, but not conforming to the 
type illustrated in Plate VI. 

2 Specimens of this variety sent in by the late Felix Gillet do not conform to the 
French type as described and illustrated by Lesourd. 

3 Doubtful. 

254 



30 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY, 

Marbot : Holder), Mount. Pomeroy. 1 

Meylan : Meylan. 

Mission : Mission. 

Montignac : 2 Lea. 

Nave : Ellwood. 

Parisienne: Milbank, Nebo, Parisienne, Rush, Sinclair, Treyve. 

Persian Long: Chase (2), Eureka, Hale, Kaghazi (long), Keesling, Prince, 
Prolific, Stocktonian. 

Santa Barbara: Chase (1), Ford, Journeay, Lane, Neff, Placeiitia, Santa 
Barbara, Santa Rosa, Sexton, Teague. 

Sorrento: Dean, Hubbard. 

Not Classified. — The writer has been unable to see either specimens or writ- 
ten descriptions of the following varieties; hence, no attempt is made to 
group them: Ford's Mammoth, Hightstown, Longbeaked, Mobart, Parry, 
Poorman, Thinshelled, Volga, Weeping. 

descriptive list of varieties. 

Iii the following descriptive list of varieties of the Persian walnut 
the statements as to size are made by comparing the American-grown 
nuts with the average French Mayette. Upon this basis Cumberland 
and Rush are approximately typical of a medium-sized nut. 

Technical terms used are chiefly from European writers and some 
have been adapted from modern systematic botany. For convenient 
reference a few are here defined : 

Appressed. Ribs of the sutures not above the general surface of the shell. 

Convolutions. The waving or folded rolls of the margins of the kernel. 

Diaphragm. The thin, woody, membranous tissue that more or less distinctly 
separates the halves of the kernel. 

Equator. An estimated horizontal region midway between the apex and the 
base, though in some instances, when considering the location of the pits 
at the sutures, it is deemed to be somewhat above or below a median line. 

Flange. The face of the suture, varying in width with the different varieties. 

Longitudinal lines. The more or less pronounced lines which pass from base to 
apex over the shell midway (or nearly so) between the sutures. 

Mur'ronale. Having a suture tipped with a short, sharp, thin point. 

Pellicle. The thin membrane that covers the kernel. It is the seat of the as- 
tringent and bitter principles that mark many of the American-grown 
walnuts. 

Sutures. The more or less ribbed lines along which the two halves of the shell 
unite. 

A'Bijou. 

A name used by John Rock to designate a seedling of Bijou quite similar in 
form and size to the variety herein described as Klondike (p. 44). but hav- 
ing a much richer yellowish shell. 

1 The two lots of Tomeroy walnuts received for comparison differed so widely in sen- 
oral character that it is impossible to assign this variety satisfactorily to any one group. 
Nuts from one of the parent trees, crop of 1010, resemble the Common nut of France, 
while the nuts from seedling trees of the parent Pomeroy trees resemble very closely the 
Figeac type. Until a more extended study of this variety is made it must remain un- 
classified, though Dr. Morris has stated that in his opinion it is a Marbot, 

- After Lesourd. 
254 



VAKIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. 31 

Acme. 

A large nut of the Bijou type, similar to the Willson; originated in the same 
section and at about the same time. Said by the introducer to be blight 
resistant. 

Ailanthus Leaved. 1 
Probably a synonym of Juglama sieboldiana. 

Alexis. 
A seedling originating on the property of Alexander Smith, Cecil County, Md. 
The tree is Aery vigorous and productive. The nut is reputed to be large 
and good. Exhibited at the meeting of the Northern Nut Growers' Asso- 
ciation, Lancaster, Pa., 1912. 

Alpine. 

Bijou type; large; broadly oblong, angular and slightly tapering toward the 
base; base obtuse and rounded: apex obtuse with short mucronate point; 
sutures appressed toward the base and only slightly ribbed toward the 
apex, pitted at the equator; flange very firmly sealed; shell grayish yellow, 
roughened with numerous deep, irregular, variable pits and protuberances, 
usually two or more longitudinal lines well defined. Origin: France; speci- 
mens grown by Felix Gillet, crop of 1904. 

Lelong, in his treatise entitled " California Walnut Industry," published 
in 1896, writing of this variety, says: "A new and very large variety that 
originated not long ago in the Alps Mountains of France. Next to the 
Mammoth it is the largest walnut grown on my place. Though the shell 
is rough, it is thin, and the meat sweet and filling well the shell." 

Andrus. 
A seedling originating with F. P. Andrus in Michigan. It is reputed to be a 
hardy tree on its own roots in that State. 

Ash Leaved. 

Synonym of Cutleaf. 

Barnes. 

Bijou type, modified: size above medium; obovate to roundish or occasionally 
nearly oblong; strongly four-angled, many specimens will stand quite erect 
upon apex; base obtuse to acute; apex obtuse-truncate, small mucronate tip 
usually depressed ; sutures appressed. more or less depressed toward the 
base, usually two to four rather large, deep, widely separated and commonly 
oblique pits at the equator; flange narrow or even very narrow, firmly 
sealed; shell rather thick, grayish brown, sometimes slightly mottled, 
moderately smooth, though a few deep depressions and a few pronounced 
protuberances are present, veining ample, longitudinal lines usually well 
defined: diaphragm firmly shouldered, rather strong, and inclined to be per- 
sistent; kernel full, convolutions even, quite regular; pellicle brownish 
with slightly darker veins which are broad but not numerous, astringent; 
flesh firm, crisp, rather dry, fine grain; flavor sweet, pleasant; quality fair 
to good. Origin: Seedling trees growing upon the grounds of Theodore 
Barnes, in Washington, D. C. ; first called to public attention in an exhibit 
at the Convention of Northern Nut Growers, Ithaca, N. Y., 1911, by T. P. 
Littlepage. 

Barthere. a 

A French variety introduced into the United States in 1871. Of this variety 
Mr. Gillet. the introducer, says: "A singularly shaped nut, elongated. 
broad at the center and tapering at both ends; the shell is harder than that 
of other varieties." 



254 



1 Georgia Horticultural Society, 1900. 

2 Catalogue, Barren Hill Nurseries, 1887- 



32 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

Bennett. 

A variety reputed to have been produced from a nut purchased in New York 
City in 1874 by James L. Bennett, and grown upon his property at Union- 
ville. Orange Co., N. Y. 

Bijou. 

Type: very large; oblong to more or less obovate and angular; base obtuse; 
apex obtuse to depressed, mucronate tipped; sutures appressed or even 
depressed especially toward the base, pitted at the equator and toward the 
apex, frequently pits form a continuous line over half the length of the 
suture; flange narrow, usually firmly sealed; shell brown, thickened by 
ridges and irregular protuberances, and strongly roughened by numerous 
pits and depressions, longitudinal lines occasionally well defined ; dia- 
phragm weak shouldered, thin, and scarcely persistent ; kernel quite full, 
rather plump, convolutions moderate, very irregular; pellicle brownish 
yellow, dull, astringent; veins rarely noticeable; flesh moderately oily; 
flavor sweet, mild; quality good. Origin: Europe; specimens grown by Ely 
I. Hutchinson, crop of 1910. (See PI. III.) 

Burbank. 

Synonym of Santa Rosa. 

Calavette. 

Bijou type; originated with E. M. Price, Westpoint. Cal. It is a cross 
between Bijou and Fertile. It is not recommended for sections in which 
late frosts occur, though it originated at an elevation of 3,000 feet in the 
Sierra Nevada Mountains. 

California Papershell. 

Originated by Felix Gillet from a nut borne on a grafted Chaberte tree. 
It is, therefore, a second generation Chaberte. The nut is only medium in 
size; shell very thin and almost white; kernel full fleshed, exceedingly 
sweet and nutty. 1 

Chaberte. 

Type; medium; oblong; base obtuse; apex obtuse, mucronate tipped; 
sutures appressed to very slightly ribbed, usually pitted at the equator; 
flange variable, usually broad, very firmly sealed; shell brownish, thick, 
slightly roughened with a few depressions and protuberances, longitudinal 
lines well defined; diaphragm firmly shouldered, thin, but somewhat per- 
sistent; kernel full, fairly plump, convolutions moderate, variable; pellicle 
brownish yellow, dull; scarcely astringent; veins very noticeable; flesh 
oily, rich: flavor mild, sweet; quality very good. Origin: France; speci- 
mens grown by Ely I. Hutchinson, crop of 1910 (PI. VI). 

A variety held to be of very general merit. In France it is considered a 
very suitable variety to plant on both foothills and valley floors; it is 
valued in Europe as rich in oil and for confections. It is rather late in 
vegetating in the spring. An objection to the walnut for confectioners' 
use is that the kernels are too large, but our planters may find it worth 
while to ascertain if the Chaberte or a similar nut can be advantageously 
grown in this country. 

Changli. 

(S. P. I. No. 17943.) Chinese type; large; roundish oblate; base obtuse 
truncate; apex obtuse to retuse truncate without point or til): sutures 
appressed toward the base, slightly ribbed, broad and rounded above. 
more or less pitted at the equator: flange very firmly sealed; shell brown- 
ish vellow, somewhat roughened by depressions, usually slight, with few 



1 Lelong, B. M. California Walnut Industry. 1895-96. 
254 



VARIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. 33 

pits, longitudinal lines, usually light and rather inconspicuous, though 
rarely altogether absent. (See PI. II.) Origin: China. Specimens col- 
lected in the vicinity of Changli, Chihli Province, China, by F. N. Meyer. 
Mr. Meyer, in Bulletin 204, Bureau of Plant Industry, entitled "Agri- 
cultural Explorations in the Fruit and Nut Orchards of China," writing of 
this variety together with others produced in the same locality, remarks : 
"In the vicinity of Changli, Chihli Province, there are some walnut 
orchards in which the trees vary to a remarkable degree. Some produce 
small, hard-shelled nuts of poor flavor, while others bear fine, large nuts, 
with a really fine flavor, and having shells so thin that they can be 
cracked with the fingers like a peanut. Between these extremes one finds 
many gradations in hardness of shell, size, and flavor. It is very likely 
that some kinds of these Chinese nuts may prove to be much hardier than 
our present Persian strain of walnuts and in all probability they will 
thrive especially well in certain sections of the southern Rocky Mountain 
region." 

This Chinese type of walnut Mr. Meyer has designated as Juglans regia 
sinensis. The type is admirably illustrated in the above variety, to which, 
though reported by number, the writer has given the name Changli, to 

designate its source. As already Indicated, the nuts are large, flaiic 1 a l 

the ends, inclined to smoothness and full roundness, with sutures marked 
by peculiar broad and smooth, rounded ribs. The age of the specimens 
prevented determination of the value of the kernel at the time of describ- 
ing the nut, but on the strength of Mr. Meyer's statement that the fine large 
nuts possess a really fine flavor, steps have been taken to import wood of 
this variety and others from the same district. 

Chase (1). 

Santa Barbara type, closely resembling the More form; large; broadly 
oblong and angular; base rounded, occasionally acute: apex obtuse or acute 
and strongly pointed; sutures usually strongly ribbed, rarely pitted at the 
equator; flange narrow, very firmly sealed; shell thin, grayish brown, 
roughened by various irregular depressions, longitudinal lines not in- 
frequent; diaphragm almost weakly shouldered, thin, yielding, rarely 
persistent ; kernel full, rather plump, convolutions moderate, even ; pellicle 
rather dark, glossy, astringent; veins dark and rather well defined; flesh 
rather coarse, oily, rich; quality fair. Origin: A seedling from nuts im- 
ported from France by Felix Gillet and planted by Mr. Van Vorce near 
Whittier, Cal., in 1886; specimens supplied by A. R. Rideout, crop of 
1910 (Pis. VI and X). 

Chase (2). 
Persian Long type ; this type differs from the preceding in that the nuts 
are more narrowly oblong, smoother, and more regular, with appressed 
or very slightly ribbed sutures that are usually less firmly sealed; speci- 
mens supplied by A. R. Rideout. crop of 1910 (PI. X). 

This variety is indorsed by the University of California as worthy of 
extended trial by those in search of blight-resistant varieties. 1 The variety 
does not appear to be firmly fixed as yet, or else more than one form is 
being propagated. 

Chelan. 
Cahor type; medium to slightly above; oblong; base obtuse to slightly 
rounded; apex obtuse to acute with slight point; sutures very .moderately 
ribbed, equatorial pits variable, often absent ; flange very thin, firmly 

1 Bulletin 203, California Agricultural Experiment Station. 
60951°— Bull. 254—13 3 



34 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

sealed: shell very thin but rather firm, yellowish or grayish brown, rough- 
ened with numerous irregular depressions and furrows; diaphragm weakly 
shouldered, thin, and scarcely persistent; kernel full, rather plump, con- 
volutions moderate and variable; pellicle dark yellowish brown, semi- 
glossy, very astringent ; veining inconspicuous ; flesh crisp, rather dry ; 
flavor sweet, mild; quality fair. Origin: Chance seedling in Springdale 
Orchards. Lakeside, Wash.. 1899; specimens grown by D. H. Ilulseman, 
crop of 1910 (PI. V). 

This variety is a promising one for planting in districts where climate 
renders the cultivation of the Persian walnut doubtful. It ought also to 
be of value for breeding in the Eastern States. 

Chicoette. 

Mayette type. Attention was first called to this variety by Mr. F. (i. Peter- 
son, head gardener at the Bidwell ranch at Chico, Cal., 1910. The tree 
was purchased among others and planted on the estate some years ago. 
E. M. Price writes of it as follows: "It is a prolific bearer; blossoms 
about the first of June and ripens its fruit in the early fall. It is a "choice 
white-meated, well-flavored nut, resembling Mayette in form, and I am 
inclined to class it as a sport of the same." 

Should this nut prove to be all that is described and be white meated un- 
der the extreme heat that frequently prevails in the region of Chico, it will 
be a valuable acquisition. 

Cluster. 

Type: Above medium to large; broadly oblong to oblong ovate: base rounded 
to obtuse: apex acute to acuminate, mucronate tipped; sutures appressed; 
flange narrow, very firmly sealed ; shell bright yellow, generally smooth, 
though covered with a network of fine depressed veins, moderately thick, 
longitudinal lines well defined though not conspicuous; diaphragm strongly 
shouldered and quite persistent, though only of moderate thickness. Origin: 
Belgium; introduced into the United States by Felix Gillet; specimens 
grown upon a grafted tree by Mr. Gillet, crop of 1891 (PI. VIII). 

Mr. Gillet says. " The fruits of this variety are of average size and 
grow in clusters of 8 to 15." The distinctive form and general surface 
character of this nut are attractive. If upon further examination the qual- 
ity should prove to rate high, it would be entitled to extended tests in the 
north Pacific coast region and in the more favorable sections of the East- 
ern States. 

Columbus. 

Mayette type. Originated with Felix Gillet from the nut of a second-genera- 
tion Mayette. The nut is very large, exceedingly pretty, roundish, with 
smooth, light-colored shell, and kernel of first quality. Named " Columbus " 
in honor of the World's Fair at Chicago, 1893. 1 

Common. 

Synonym of Mission and of Fertile. 

Concord. 

Cluster type; above medium; oblong to roundish oblong; base rounded: 
apex rounded to obtuse, mucronate tipped; sutures appressed or very 
slightly ribbed, rarely pitted at the equator: flange moderate to narrow, 
firmly sealed; shell moderately thin, usually grayish brown, smooth, with 
few furrows and pits, longitudinal lines generally indistinct; diaphragm 
weakly shouldered but strong and occasionally persistent; kernel full, 
convolutions regular, even, moderate: pellicle of a brownish east, rather 

1 Leloiitf, P.. M. California Walnut Industry. 1895-96. 
251 



VARIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. 35 

glossy, mildly astringent, veins inconspicuous; flesh crisp, slightly oily, 
rich; flavor sweet; quality fair to good. Origin: Chance seedling from 
an importation of Cluster nuts by Felix Gillet ; first grown by J. M. West- 
colt, of Concord, Cal. ; specimens grown by Ely I. Hutchinson, crop of 
1910 (PI. V). 

A variety worthy of extended trial. The tree is a strong, robust grower, 
possessed of ample, large, smooth, light-green leaves. It yields under 
good care a crop somewhat above the average in quantity. The nut is of 
attractive form and size, though the color is a trifle gray for the con- 
noisseur. It should be an excellent parent for breeding blight-immune and 
late frost-proof varieties. It is recommended for trial by the University 
of California as blight resistant. 1 

Cosine. 
A variety of no special merit, but of some historic interest as being the firsi 
Chilean seedling produced in Oregon. 

Cumberland. 

Parisienne type; medium to slightly above; roundish ovate; base obtuse to 
slightly rounded : apex obtuse to acute with mucronate point ; sutures 
lightly ribbed or even somewhat appressed toward the base, pitted at the 
equator; flange narrow, firmly sealed; shell thin, but roughened with nu- 
merous irregular and variable depressions, central longitudinal lines usually 
well defined; diaphragm weak shouldered, thin, and rarely persistent; 
kernel full, plump, convolutions large, irregular, and variable; pellicle 
brownish yellow, dull, astringent ; veins inconspicuous ; flesh oily, rather 
rich: flavor sweet; quality fair. Origin: A nut brought from Germany 
in 1S68 and planted in Carlisle. Pa., by Mrs. John Meek, produced the 
parent tree of this variety; specimens supplied by Miss Sarah E. Motts, 
crop of 1910 (Pis. VI and XI). 

A variety that merits general trial throughout the walnut-growing areas 
of the Eastern States. It is distinctly in advance of the average seedling 
Persian walnut of this region. 

Cutleaf. 

Fertile type as to form; small, oblong to narrowly oblong: base rounded; 
apex obtuse to acute with mucronate tip or quite strong point; sutures 
slightly ribbed, pitted at the equator; flange broad, very firmly sealed; 
shell rather thick, smooth to slightly roughened by various furrows and 
occasional depressions, longitudinal lines distinct; diaphragm strongly 
shouldered and somewhat persistent ; kernel full, plump; convolutions 
variable, though usually pronounced. Origin: Europe; specimens grown 
by the California Nursery Co., crop of 1891 (PI. VIII). 

This is a variety for the amateur, but of no promise for commerce. It is 
thus described by Felix Gillet; " "The foliage of this variety is so delicate, 
so finely cut up. that it makes a most graceful ornamental tree, worthy to 
be planted conspicuously in the garden or front yard. The nut, besides, is 
exceedingly pretty, of fair size, round, with a very smooth shell and sweet 
kernel. The tree is claimed to be an abundant bearer." 

Dean. 

Sorrento type, modified; medium to above medium; oblong to broadly ob- 
long and not infrequently more or less obovate ; base obtuse to more or less 
acute: apex obtuse, or even refuse to occasionally acute, with mucronate 
tip or sometimes a quite strong point ; sutures usually appressed. though 
occasionally moderately ribbed; equatorial pits usually present; flange 

1 Bulletin 20.">, California Agricultural Experiment Station. 
" Lelong, B. M. California Walnut Industry. 1895-86. 



36 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

moderately broad, firmly sealed ; shell rather thick, quite smooth, even and 
usually regular, grayish brown, splotched ; diaphragm rather weakly 
shouldered, but inclined to toughness and usually persistent; kernel full, 
plump, with even, regular, moderate convolutions; pellicle dark, rich, 
golden brown, dull, scarcely astringent; flesh very oily, only moderately 
sweet; flavor mild or indifferent; quality fair. Origin: The parent tree of 
this variety was produced from a nut purchased by O. Z. Deau from the 
local grocery store at Shellman, Ga.. in 1878 or 1870. and planted where the 
tree now stands. The bole is 10 to 12 inches in diameter, the foliage 
heavy, and the tree has been bearing 15 or 20 years. Z. P. Dean states that 
the crop varies from 25 to 75 pjounds ; specimen by courtesy of Z. P. 
Dean, crop of 1011 (PI. X). 

Derby. 

Lalande type modified; medium; oblong to broadly oblong, or sometimes 
even slightly obovate; base obtuse to occasionally almost acutely rounded; 
apex almost truncate to obtuse with short, strong point usually double- 
tipped; sutures appressed over lower half, moderately ribbed over upper 
half, irregularly pitted toward or above the equator; flange vei'y broad and 
firmly sealed; shell thick, strong, grayish, moderately smooth, though 
strongly marked with veinings. longitudinal lines pronounced, not infre- 
quently all six fully defined; diaphragm heavy shouldered, strong, and per- 
sistent; kernel full but not plump; convolutions moderate and variable; 
pellicle beautiful, rich, brownish yellow, dull, sligbtly astringent, veins 
scarcely noticeable; flesh crisp, fine grain, oily: flavor indifferent, moder- 
ately sweet; quality fair. Origin: A seedling with 8. II. Derby. Woodside, 
Del.; specimens from Mr. Derby, crop of 1011 (PI. IX). 

Drew. 

Chaberte typo; small; rounded to more or less obovate; base rounded 
with projecting tip of extended sutures; apex obtuse to retuse-truncate, 
with mucronate tip; sutures moderately ribbed, usually somewhat pitted 
at the equator and toward the base; flange rather broad, very firmly 
sealed : shell rather thin, yellowish, somewhat roughened by numerous 
slight depressions, pits, and protuberances; longitudinal lines usually pres- 
ent and well defined; diaphragm thick, heavy, firmly shouldered, and per- 
sistent; kernel full with ample and variable convolutions; pellicle dull to 
semiglossy. light brown, scarcely or slightly astringent ; veins inconspicuous 
or occasionally a few dark ones; flesh rather crisp, oily; flavor rather 
sweet; quality fair. Origin: Chance seedling from a nut planted by 
Andrew Corsa, Milford, Del., in 1875; specimens grown by W. P. Corsa, 
crop of 1804. 

J. L. Budd, in the American Horticultural Manual, part 2. 1003, states 
that the kernel of this variety is thick, plump, and easily extracted, the 
meat yellowish, and the quality very good. It was disseminated to a small 
extent, particularly in Pennsylvania. The original tree was a shy bearer 
and after producing a few crops was cut down. Efforts to obtain data in 
Pennsylvania have failed to yield any definite information. 

Dwarf Prolific. 

Synonym of Fertile. 

Ellwood. 

Nave type; medium to above medium; narrowly oblong to elliptical: base 
obtuse to acute; apex acute, though sometimes obtuse, with strong 
point; sutures moderately ribbed, pits variable, usually clustered toward 
the base; flange usually medium, though variable, well sealed; shell thin. 



VARIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. 37 

bright yellow, moderately smooth, amply veined; longitudinal lines variable 
though usually present ; diaphragm weakly shouldered, thin, and rarely per- 
sistent : kernel quite full though not plump, convolutions medium, variable, 
and broken; pellicle golden yellow to brownish, very mildly astringent, 
veins few, somewhat darker: flesh firm, crisp; flavor nutty, moderately 
sweet; quality fair. Origin: Chance seedling at the home of Ellwood 
Cooper, near Santa Barbara, Cal. ; specimens from Mr. Cooper, crop of 
1911 (PI. XI). 

Mr. Cooper looks with favor upon this type of nut, but the writer is of 
opinion that the elongated, elliptical, pecan-shaped walnut is not the best 
form for a permanent type of dessert nut. 
Eureka. 

Persian Long type; large, somewhat angular, rather narrowly oblong, lower 
half frequently tapering to base; base rounded or somewhat angular, 
acute, though occasionally somewhat obtuse; apex obtuse or acute, usually 
strongly pointed; sutures only moderately ribbed, rarely pitted at the 
equator; flange moderate or rather broad, very firmly sealed: shell rather 
thick, grayish (possibly due to bleaching), slightly roughened by irregular 
shallow depressions; longitudinal lines usually present and well defined; 
diaphragm rather firmly shouldered, thin, yielding, rarely persistent ; 
kernel full, plump, convolutions moderate, variable, and broken; pellicle 
light yellow, glossy, astringent, veins usually inconspicuous; flesh rather 
coarse, rich, oily: flavor insipid; quality fair. Origin: A seedling on the 
Stone property, Fullerton, Cal., from a nut taken from the original Kaghazi 
trees on the Meak property at Haywards; first propagated by grafting in 
1905; specimens grown by E. (i. Ware, crop of 1910 (PI. A'll). 

This variety is one of half a dozen recommended by the University of 
California for trial in the search for blight-immune varieties. 1 While not 
of high quality it may serve as parent to a variety of much greater merit 
if sufficiently blight resistant. The form of the nut is against it. at least 
for dessert purposes. Loug, narrow, angular walnuts are not accepted 
upon the leading markets as desirable forms. The accredited form is the 
Grenoble, Mayette, or rarisienne. though the best grades of the Chinese 
would probably be equally acceptable. At the present time there is little 
discrimination by buyers against nuts on account of form, but as soon as 
the crop is produced to such an extent that markets are sought, form will 
become an important factor in determining the price. The Eureka is 
highlwreeommended by some leading growers of southern California as a 
very desirable variety, and promises to be one of the leaders in commercial 
plantings. 

Specimens of this variety grown by Dr. W. W. Fitzgerald, of Stockton, 
Cal., crop of 1911, rate considerably higher in quality than those examined 
and described in 1910. Of the latter it may be said that the flavor is mild 
and sweet and the quality good, while all other essential features answer 
the description. 
Favorite. 

Approaching Franquette type: above medium to large; usually oblong though 
frequently unilateral, while smaller ones are sometimes rounded; base 
obtuse, rounded, and frequently oblique; apex obtuse with short and rather 
stout mucronate tip ; sutures usually quite strongly ribbed, equatorial 
pits negligible, though pits are generally present along the surface, es- 
pecially along the lower half; flange very broad and very firmly sealed; 

1 Bulletin 203, California Agricultural Experiment Station. 
254 



38 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

shell dark grayish brown, thick, roughened with various depressions and 
protuberances: longitudinal lines occasionally well defined though usually 
broken, irregular, and negligible; diaphragm strongly shouldered, heavy, 
and persistent; kernel full, plump, moderate though variable c< evolutions; 
pellicle light to velvety brown, glossy to semiglossy, scarcely astringent, 
veins ample and dark; flesh crisp, moderately oily, ami rather starchy: 
flavor mild; quality only fair. Origin: Sport of Serotina ; seedling grown 
by Thomas R. Smith, Westport, Cal. ; specimens supplied by E. M. Price, 
crop of 1910. 

Speaking of this variety, Mr. Price says: " It blossoms early even for this 
altitude, 3.000 feet. It is an alternate bearer; that is, yields a full crop one 
year and a sparse one the next. It is immune to blight and sun scald." 

Fertile. 

Type, medium; rather narrowly oblong, more or less tapering to the 
rounded base; apex obtuse, mucronate tipped; sutures slightly ribbed, 
scarcely pitted at the equator; flange variable, narrow and moderately firmly 
sealed; shell thick, strong, grayish brown, rather smooth: longitudinal 
lines not infrequent and quite well defined; diaphragm quite firmly shoul- 
dered but yielding and usually not persistent: kernel full, plump, convolu- 
tions very moderate and variable; pellicle light yellowish, generally dull, 
though occasionally partially glossy, astringent, veins inconspicuous; flesh 
only moderately oily; flavor mild: quality fair. Origin: France, about 
1S3S; specimens grown by Ely I. Hutchinson, crop of 1010 (Pis. VI and X). 

Fertile (cluster type). 1 

A variety of Fertile said to be very fine. Originated by Felix Gillet. Nut 
large, oblong, smooth surface, perfect soft-shell; kernel fine and sweet. 
Produced in clusters. 

Fertile (first generation). 1 

Introduced into California by Felix Gillet in the winter of 1S70-71. The 
first trees of this variety to produce fruit in the State grew at Barren Hill 
Nurseries at an altitude of 2,600 feet. The variety originated in Prance 
in 1828 and received its name because it bore its first fruit at 2 years of 
age and is of surprising fertility. The nut is small, thin shelled, and very 
sweet. Nuts from trees of this character produce "second-generation" 
trees. 

Fertile (second and third generation). 1 

These seedlings are of variable merit. Such title distinctions are of historical 
value as they call attention to the labored efforts of the past u,> establish 
and fix types and varieties by seedling propagation. 

Fertile (Mayette shaped). 2 

Originated with Felix Gillet about 1870. It is a large nut sitting on iis end 
like a Mayette, hence its name. It has a full-fleshed kernel of first quality 
and is a heavy bearer. 

Ford. 

Santa Barbara type: large, angular, broadly oblong: base obliquely ob- 
tuse to rounded: apex obtuse to acute with strong point; sutures strongly 
ribbed, occasionally pitted at the equator; flange usually broad, frequently 
imperfectly sealed; shell moderately thin; grayish, roughened by numerous 
slight and irregular depressions, longitudinal lines infrequent, though 
occasionally well defined: diaphragm moderately shouldered, thin, yielding. 

1 Thus described by Lelong in his treatise entitled "California Walnut Industry."' under 
the varietal name " Prceparturiens " [Prseparturiens]. 

-Thus described by Lelong in "California Walnut Industry." 
254 



VARIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. 39 

rarely persistent: kernel moderately full, rather plump, convolutions 
moderate, very variable; pellicle rather dark, generally dull, slightly 
astringent; flesh rather dry. starchy; flavor mildly sweet: quality fair. 
Origin: Grown by G. W. Ford. Santa Ana, Cal., from nuts procured in 
San Francisco, planted in the spring of 1SS0; specimens grown by Mr. 
Ford; crop of 1910 (PI. VII). 

Ford's Eureka. 

A name applied by Mr. Ford to seedlings of the second generation of the 
variety Ford, which have been distributed as seedlings. It is quite likely 
that this variety will disappear, yielding the name Eureka to the variety 
described under that name. 

Ford's Improved Softshell. 
Synonym of Ford. 

Ford's Mammoth. 

Reported by name only by II. M. Williamson in report of the Oregon Board 
of Horticulture, 1000. 

Pranmay. 1 

Franquette type; large; oblong ovate: base obtuse, ridged or spurred; 
apex acute, strongly pointed: sutures strongly ribbed over upper two- 
thirds, elevated and flattened toward the base, large open pits at the 
equator: flange broad, well sealed; shell rich yellow, rather thin, moderately 
roughened with deep lines, irregular depressions, and usually slight and 
variable protuberances, longitudinal lines well defined, and frequently deep ; 
diaphragm weakly shouldered though rather strong and inclined to be per- 
sistent; kernel full, irregular, convolutions pronounced and variable; 
pellicle with yellowish brown tinge, glossy, astringent, veins inconspicuous; 
flesh rather crisp, starchy, moderately oily; flavor moderately sweet, mild; 
quality good. Origin : Grown from a nut produced by cross-fertilization be- 
tween Franquette and Mayette, by Tribble Bros., Elk Grove. Cal.. crop of 
1911 (PI. XI). 

Franquette. 

Type Vrooman; large; oblong, with tapered upper half, though in section 
on plane of valves, ovate: base rounded: apex acute, strongly pointed; 
sutures strongly ribbed, pitted at the equator : flange narrow, firmly sealed ; 
shell thin, yellowish, frequently with reddish tinge, moderately smooth 
though roughened along the sutures, longitudinal lines usually present 
and definite: diaphragm weak shouldered, thin and rarely persistent; 
kernel full, moderately plump, convolutions pronounced, irregular; pellicle 
rich, light yellow, usually glossy, moderately astringent, veins well defined ; 
flesh starchy, oily, rich; flavor slightly sweet, mild; quality very good. 
Origin: France: specimens grown by Vrooman estate, crop of 1910 (PI. V). 
This variety and type are highly recommended and have been exten- 
sively planted on the north Pacific coast in recent years, not only as grafted 
trees but as seedlings. The reasons advanced for the use of seedlings 
were as follows: (1) There were not enough grafted trees to supply the 
demand: (2) the nuts offered for sale for planting being grown in a large 
orchard of grafted trees of this variety alone (except for a few Chaberte 
trees that were grown in one corner of the orchard tract), it was held 
that a very large percentage of the trees would produce fruit true to name: 
(3) in order to plant an orchard of grafted trees one must defer the plant- 
ing of any considerable acreage for an indefinite time, as this method of 
propagation is difficult and yields only a small percentage of marketable 

1 Tentative name, subject to the approval of the originator. 
254 



40 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

trees each year; (4) to incur the increased cost of grafted trees over that 
of nuts and seedling trees was not advisable under the circumstances; (.">) 
the small loss occasioned by planting some seedling trees of indifferent 
value would he counterbalanced by the difference in cost and the increased 
value of the property due to immediate planting, which could be done with 
either nuts or seedling trees, as there were plenty of these upon the 
market. Whether results will confirm these views remains to be seen with 
the fruiting of the tracts. The eagerness of planters to set out walnuts 
at that time was no doubt instrumental in causing one or two points of 
momenl to be overlooked, namely, that grafted trees usually fruit earlier 
than seedlings, and that the stock is an important factor which is entirely 
ignored in the planting of seedlings. At the same time insufficient weight 
is accorded the fact that seedling trees yield at best a variable product 
which is not true to name. With whatever variety or section concerned, 
the day of making a walnut orchard with nuts or seedling trees is past. 
Hereafter, not alone type or variety but stock and scion as well must be 
given full consideration, and this necessarily implies grafted or budded 
trees. 

While the form of Franquette is not as acceptable to connoisseurs as that 
of Mayette, the uniform size, rich golden-yellow color, and peculiar rustic 
appearance, together with the mild-flavored fat kernel, will do much to 
make it a popular variety. Especially does this statement apply to the 
Oregon-grown Franquette, which is generally conceded to be somewhat 
sweeter than other American-grown specimens of this variety. The one 
serious fault of the Franquette is that the trees yield to the attack of the 
blight in several districts, though it is recommended for trial by the Uni- 
versity of California. 1 

Garden Grove Prolific. 
Synonym of Prolific. 

Geit. 

Parisienne type; above medium to large; roundish oblong; base obtuse to 
obliquely truncate: apex rounded with mucronate tip; sutures appressed 
over lower half, slightly to moderately ribbed over upper half, usually one 
or two pi-onounced pits at the equator; flange broad, very firmly sealed: 
shell thick, hard, moderately to quite smooth, longitudinal lines rarely 
defined; diaphragm strongly shouldered and persistent; kernel quite full, 
convolutions variable, broken, uneven; pellicle dark brown, astringent. 
semiglossy, veins inconspicuous; flesh rather crisp, rich, oily; flavor indif- 
ferent: quality fair. Origin: A seedling tree in Lancaster County. Pa.; 
first brought to public attention at the Northern Nut Growers' Convention. 
Ithaca. X. Y., December, 1011, by J. G. Rush. 

For planting in the eastern United States this variety is not comparable 
with Cumberland. Ilolden. Mount, Xebo. Pomeroy, or Rush. 

Glady. 

Bijou type; very large; oblong, angular, sometimes tapering to the base; 
base rounded though occasionally truncate: apex obtuse or slightly acute 
with mucronate tip; sutures appressed, more or less depressed toward the 
base; flange usually narrow and firmly sealed; shell moderately thick, 
brownish yellow, very rough, and strongly marked with veins: diaphragm 
rather thick, though not strongly shouldered, usually persistent; kernel 
not full, somewhat shriveled, convolutions moderate and rather regular: 



1 Bulletin 203, California Agricultural Experiment Station. 



VARIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. 41 

pellicle light, glossy, very astringent; veins dark and conspicuous, though 
not numerous: flesh dry, tough; flavor mild, moderately sweet; quality 
fair. Specimens mown by Ferd Groner; crop of 1910 (PI. XI). 

Grand Noblesse. 

Hound Mayette type; above medium to large; roundish oblong to some- 
what obovate: base obtuse truncate; apex obtuse with mucronate tip; 
sutures appressed to slightly ribbed; pits at the equator present and pro- 
nounced or absent: flange varying from moderate t<> broad and quite 
firmly sealed; shell rather thin, usually smooth, yellowish, longitudinal 
lines generally present and quite well defined. Origin: California; re- 
ported by L. L. Bequette, of Rivera, Cal., but practically unknown in that 
section, as it proved of little value; crop of 1800. 

Grenoble. 

A term loosely used to designate the French-grown Mayette or to include 
the three leading varieties in the Grenoble district of France, viz, Mayette, 
Franquette. Parisienne. The nut shown in Plate IV, called Grenoble by 
the growers, T. P.. Bishop Co.. is really a form of Santa Barbara and not 
one of the three varieties here named. 

Hales. 

Persian Long type, modified: above medium to large; rather narrowly ob- 
long; base obtuse to almost truncate, some specimens will stand obliquely 
on end; apex obtuse, usually more or less refuse, resulting from prominent 
shoulders, strong mucronate tip; sutures strongly ribbed, with deep, broad. 
and variable pits at the equator; flange very broad, strongly sealed; shell 
thin, moderately yellowish, fairly smooth except along sutures, amply 
veined and somewhat marked by small, deep pits, longitudinal lines very 
much broken, though not infrequently well defined but shallow and narrow; 
diaphragm weak shouldered, thin, and rarely persistent; kernel of shrunken 
appearence though filling the shell, convolutions strongly pronounced and 
variable; pellicle brownish, very slightly astringent; veins ample, well de- 
fined, and darker brown; flesh firm, crisp, only moderately oily; flavor very 
sweet, mild, pleasant; quality very good. Origin: Original tree grew on the 
property of W. L. Hale, Fullerton. Cal; specimens grown by J. B. Neff; 
crop of 1911 (PI. IX). 
Though this variety has not been given general trial, a few leading grow- 
ers are testing it. and the following report is by J. B. Neff: "It is showing 
fairly well in blight-resistant qualities — in fact, better than any other 
variety that I have — but while the nuts are large and fine, it does not 
produce as large crops as some others." 

Hall. 

Bijou type; very large; oblong angular, usually tapering to the base; base 
rounded with the sutures but obtuse at right angles; apex obtuse to slightly 
acute, with rather strong blunt point; sutures appressed or very slightly 
ribbed, deeply and broadly pitted at the equator; flange broad, very firmly 
sealed; shell rather thick, brown with broad patches of yellowish gray- 
brown, very rough witli irregular convolutions, pits and depressions, longi- 
tudinal iines rarely marked: diaphragm firmly shouldered and usually per- 
sistent: kernel shrunken, convolutions very variable and broken; pellicle 
yellowish, astringent, veining inconspicuous; flesh firm, rather dry; flavor 
mild; quality fair. Origin: Chance seedling in Germany transplanted at 
the age of 1 year to a place near Avonia, Pa.; specimens supplied by L. C. 
Hall, crop of 1910 (PI. III). 
254 



42 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

Hays. 

Brantome type : medium ; oblong, inclined to angularity ; base obtuse to 
truncate, nearly naif will stand erect; apex obtuse, occasionally retuse or 
acute, scarcely mucronate; sutures appressed toward tlie base, moderately 
ribbed at center and toward apex, pits at tbe equator variable; flange nar- 
row to medium, fairly well scaled: sbell thin, yellowish brown to brownish, 
roughened with irregular depressions and protuberances, longitudinal lines 
rarely defined: diaphragm strongly shouldered and inclined to be persistent; 
kernel quite full, moderately plump, convolutions moderate, variable, and 
broken; pellicle yellowish brown, glossy, astringent, veins few, darker 
brown; flesh crisp, grain fine, oily; flavor and quality not determinable, 
through age of specimens. Origin: A seedling on the property of Amos II. 
Hays. Park ton, Md., and named by H. E. Van Deman about 1904; speci- 
mens grown by Mr. Hays, crop of 1908 (PI. IX). 
Hightstown. 1 

Medium, long, ovate; shell fairly thin; kernel plump and good. A variety 
grown and propagated at Hightstown, N. J.: hardy and fruitful when 
planted in groups, as, like the chestnut, isolated trees rarely bear nuts. 
Hindes Perfection. 

Synonym of Placentia. 
Hindes Perfection Placentia. 

Synonym of Placentia. 
Hindes Placentia. 

Synonym of Placentia. 
Holden. 

Marbot type; above medium; oblong to narrowly oblong; base rounded, occa- 
sionally obtuse; apex rounded or obtuse, mucronate sutures moderately to 
strongly ribbed, scarcely pitted at the equator ; flange broad, firmly sealed ; 
shell grayish yellow to light yellow, moderately smooth, scattered shallow 
depressions, longitudinal lines usually inconspicuous; diaphragm strong and 
firmly shouldered ; kernel quite full, convolutions moderate; pellicle light 
ground with darker tinge, semiglossy, astringent, veining indifferent but 
dark; fiesh oily, rich; flavor sweet; quality good. Origin: Chance seedling 
on the property of E. B. Holden. Hilton. N. Y. : specimens grown by Mr. 
Holden, crop of 1910 (PI. VII). 
Honeydew. 

Mayette type; large, oblong: loose, obliquely obtuse; apex obtuse with 
strong point; sutures rather strongly ribbed at the equator, but appressed 
toward the base, where abrupt enlargements along the sutures characterize 
the form of the nut; usually strongly pitted at the equator; shell rich yel- 
low, rather rough from irregular basal protuberances and deep irregular 
depressions along pronounced sutures and longitudinal lines. Origin: Ob- 
tained by F. A. Leib from scions imported from France; a decided improve- 
ment in appearance over the usual Mayette obtained in a similar manner; 
specimen grown by Mr. Leib as first crop, 1910 (PI. III). 
Hubbard. 

Sorrento type; above medium: oblong; base rounded: apex acute, with 
rather strong point; sutures slightly ribbed at the equator, appressed at 
both ends, especially at the base, usually pitted at the equator: flange 
very firmly sealed; shell grayish brown, quite smooth, though longitudinal 
lines are more or less well defined. Origin: California: specimens sup- 
plied by E. M. Price, crop of 1910 (PI. VIII). 

1 J. I>. Budd, in the American Horticultural Manual, pt. 2, 1903. 
254 



VARIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. 43 

To the planter who fancies this type of nut, by some called pecan-walnut 
and known in the market as the Italian walnut, the Hubbard promises to 
fulfill the demand for appearance. It is to be propagated by budding, and 
data to determine its value will soon be available. 

Ignotum. 
A name applied to ;i variety obtained from crossing Juglans regia with Jug- 
lans cinerea. Both tree and nut of botanical interest only. 

Jauge. 

Synonym of Mammoth. 

Joumeay. 

Santa Barbara type; large: broadly oblong, or occasionally obovate and 
angular: base obtuse, or even obliquely truncate; apex obtuse, with 
strong point; sutures strongly ribbed, usually pitted at the equator; flange 
very firmly sealed; shell grayish yellow, roughened by numerous and often 
deep pils and irregular depressions; longitudinal lines rarely evident. 
Origin: Chance seedling from a Chilean nut planted in California; speci- 
mens supplied by K M. Price, crop of 1910 (PI. VIII). 

Juglans monoheterophylla. 

Synonym of Juglans regia monophylla. On the grounds of the Department 
of Agriculture at Washington is a tree of this very interesting variety 
marked under the synonym. As the specific name implies, the leaves are 
simple and variable. Those at the base of the shoots are usually broadly 
ovate with cordate bases, while those above vary from broadly oblong- 
lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate. The original tree, long since destroyed, 
was first observed as a chance seedling at St. Foy, near Dieppe, France, in 
1833. In 1865 Carriere records (Revue Horticole, p. 130) that only two 
trees directly produced from the original were then in existence. The tree 
in Washington is small, with numerous slender branches, and is chiefly 
interesting on account of its remarkable foliage. The fruit is said to be 
of indifferent quality. Of botanical interest only. 

Juglans racemosa. 

Synonym of Cluster. Of this species the late Felix Gillet said : " It is a fact 
that the nuts are borne in clusters; aside from this character, the tree, 
foliage, and fruit resemble, or are even identical with, Juglans regia." 

Juglans regia laciniata. 
Synonym of Cutleaf. 

Juglans regia pendula. 

A specimen tree on the grounds of the United States Department of Agri- 
culture is of moderate vigor, hardy, sprawling, somewhat pendulous, with 
leaves of medium size. The writer has had no opportunity to examine 
the fruit. A few nuts set in 1911 were probably taken before maturity 
by squirrels. If this authentic specimen of Juglans regia pendula is a 
fair sample, hundreds of the younger trees in California, notably in the 
Vrooman oi'chard, afford a far greater display of long, slender, pendulous 
branches. These are pruned each year, so that there are no examples of 
the kind of tree such growths would ultimately produce. 

Kaghazi. 

Persian Long type: above medium to large: oblong, occasionally roundish 
and angular, lower half usually narrowed ; base rounded ; apex acute or 
obtuse on the rounded specimens, usually with strong point : sutures mod- 
erately ribbed, more or less pitted at the equator; flange variable, firmly 
sealed : shell grayish brown to yellowish, rather rough, with irregular de- 
pressions, longitudinal lines more or less distinct as pitted furrows; dia- 

254 



44 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

phragm firmly shouldered, strong and frequently persistent; kernel full, 
convolutions small, irregular, and separate; pellicle light brown, glossy, 
astringent; veining distinct though sparse; flesh rather coarse, oily, rich; 
flavor sweet; quality good. Origin: Nuts obtained through the American 
consul in Persia were planted by Mr. Meak, of Haywards, Cal.. and from 
these were produced two trees, the nuts of which were deemed especially 
meritorious. To these trees was given the name Kaghazi. The nuts of 
both trees have been used for propagation, and in consequence more or less 
variation exists in the type of nut, but probably no more than would be 
the case from any seedling trees. Specimens grown by A. L. Linquist. crop 
of 1910 (PL VI). 

The trees of this variety grown near Goleta, Cal., have not been attacked 
by blight and are considered by Mr. Linquist and others to be blight resist- 
ant, if not altogether immune. The test will not be complete until blight 
has attacked in this same orchard other varieties susceptible elsewhere. 
Should the Kaghazi then remain free from injury, its resistance will be 
beyond question. 

Keesling. 

Persian Long type, modified: above medium to large: elliptic usually. 
though not infrequently oblong or occasionally almost obovate; base obtuse 
or rounded ; apex obtuse, rounded, or even acute and usually with a strongly 
mucronate tip: sutures appressed to slightly ribbed, equatorial pits not 
pronounced and often not present: flange broad, fairly well sealed; shell 
rather thick, yellow, but frequently with an indifferent grayish overcast, 
quite regular, rather smooth, though an occasional nut is rough, with deep 
pits, broken lines, and furrows, longitudinal lines usually distinct ; dia- 
phragm weakly shouldered, thin, and very rarely persistent ; kernel full, 
plump, convolutions moderate, irregular, and variable; pellicle dull to semi- 
glossy pale brownish, quite astringent ; veins few. inconspicuous ; flesh 
crisp, oily: flavor mildly nutty; quality fair to good. Origin: A seedling 
on the property of Horace G. Keesling, San Jose, Cal., from nuts planted in 
1879; specimens from grafted trees on Mr. Keesling's property, crop of 
1911 (PI. IX). 

The tree is reputed to be prolific and regular. On the whole the variety 
appears to be worthy of trial. We are not informed as to its resistance to 
blight. 

Klondike. 

Bijou type; very large; oblong to obovate; base rounded or even long 
tapered; apex rounded to obtuse, mucronate; sutures appressed, usually 
pitted at the equator; flange narrow, many nuts imperfectly sealed; shell 
thick, grayish brown to yellowish brown, rough, with numerous irregular 
depressions and broken furrows, or quite smooth: longitudinal lines more 
or less distinct: diaphragm weak shouldered, though strong and frequently 
persistent; kernel not full, convolutions irregular, uneven, and moderate: 
pellicle brown tinged, mildly astringent, dull; veining generally distinct and 
dark; flesh coarse, rather dry; flavor sweet; quality fair. Origin: During 
the decade 1880-1890 Mr. T. L. Gooch, of Rivera. Cal., obtained specimens 
of nuts imported by a San Francisco firm, and from these planted by Mr. 
Gooch and a neighbor, Jacob Ott, to whom he had given a few, were pro- 
duced two trees yielding nuts of large size and unusual shape, named 
Klondike by the attendants at the local packing house; sjiecimens grown by 
A. L Linquist. crop of 1910 (PI. III). 
254 



VARIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. 45 

Laciniated. 

Synonym of Cntleaf. 

Lane. 

Santa Barbara type: above medium to large; roundish to broadly oblong; 
base obtuse to almost acute; apex usually acute with strong point, though 
sometimes rounded; sutures moderately ribbed nearly the whole length on 
one side while appressed near the base on the other, equatorial pits variable, 
sometimes wholly absent: flange usually narrow, scarcely medium, rather 
weakly sealed: shell thin, occasionally very thin, yellowish, smooth; well- 
detined longitudinal lines infrequent; diaphragm weakly shouldered, 
scarcely persistent; kernel full, plump, convolutions moderate, fairly 
regular; pellicle yellowish tinged with brown, dull, mildly astringent; veins 
inconspicuous; flesh crisp, medium grain, oily; flavor mild, sweet, pleasant; 
quality good. Origin: Seedling originating in Santa Barbara County, Cal., 
on the ranch of W. H. Johnson ; specimens from grafted trees on the prop- 
erty of Miles P. Lane, crop of 1911 (PI. IX). 

( '. W. P>eers, horticultural commissioner for Santa Barbara County, Cal., 
says " the Lane tree produces a large, smooth nut of good quality. The 
tree is vigorous, assumes a desirable form, and bears an abundance of fruit 
spurs, even to the main body. The nuts mature so nearly at the same time 
that the whole crop can be successfully harvested at one picking. In 1910 
and 1911 the pickings were made before the last gathering of the regular 
Santa Barbara in the same orchard. Growing amidst trees that lost 80 
per cent of their crop by blight in 1910, this tree has shown no effects of the 
disease, though other trees in the same orchard have been affected. The 
parent tree also thus far has been exempt from this trouble." 

Lanfray. 

Type; large-fruited variety catalogued by Felix Gillet, but not yet re- 
ported as fruiting in the United States. H. M. Williamson, Report of 
Oregon Board of Horticulture, 1906. says. " It is a nut of most attractive 
appearance and is very heavy in proportion to size, as it is so well filled 
with meat." 

Larg'e Fruited. 
Synonym of Bijou. 

Larg'e-Pointed Praeparturiens. 

Ascribed to Felix Gillet in Bulletin 92, Oregon Agricultural Experiment 
Station. 

Late. 

Synonym of Serotina. 

Late Fertile. 

Fertile type, small; broadly oblong to obovate; base rounded, obtuse, or 
occasionally truncate; apex obtuse, mucronate; sutures, strongly ribbed; 
broad pits at the equator usually present: flange narrow, very firmly sealed; 
shell yellowish, somewhat roughened, rather thick, longitudinal lines not 
conspicuous though generally present. Origin: Chance seedling at Barren 
Hill Nurseries ; specimen grown by Felix Gillet ; second generation, crop 
of 1,891 (PL VIII). 

Mr. Gillet said of this variety : " It is late in vegetating and hence hardy ; 
kernel is full fleshed and very sweet." 

Late Praeparturiens. 

Synonym of Late Fertile. 

254 



46 THE PEESIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

Lea. 

Montignac type; medium to small; roundish, angular, occasionally tapered 
toward apex; base obtuse truncate, many specimens will stand erect; 
apex obtusely rounded, scarcely any tip; sutures slightly to broadly 
ribbed over upper half, appressed below ; variously pitted at the equator, 
pits usually indifferent; flange very narrow, firmly sealed; shell very thin. 
grayish brown to yellowish, moderately smooth, longitudinal lines rarely 
well defined; diaphragm strongly shouldered, strong, and persistent; kernel 
full, plump, convolutions moderate, broken, variable; pellicle brownish, dull 
to semiglossy, very mildly astringent; veins inconspicuous; flesh crisp, 
starchy, moderately oily; flavor mild, sweet; quality fair. Origin: Wilming- 
ton, Del., about 20 years ago. It is a seedling from another tree, also a 
seedling, planted in the locality about 40 years ago. It began bearing at 
S or 9 years of age and has borne yearly since. Owing to the thin shell of 
the nut, blackbirds do considerable damage to the crop. It is in excellent 
repute fOr pickling, being superior in flavor to other varieties used for 
this purpose. Specimens grown by Miss Lea. Wilmington, Del., crop of 
1911 (PI. IX). 

Longbeaked. 
A variety catalogued by the Georgia Horticultural Society in its report for 
1900. Probably a synonym for Serotina. 

Los Angeles. 

Synonym of Mission. 

Mammoth. 

Bijou type: an immense nut, the largest yet originated. So large are the 
shells of some that " ladies' companions." wherein to stow away gloves 
and handkerchiefs, are made from such shells by fancy-goods manufac- 
turers. The nut though of such large dimensions has a thin shell and the 
kernel is of first quality. 1 

Mammoth Fertile. 

A large-fruited variety of the Fertile that originated in France. The nut is 
extraordinarily large; soft shell; full-fleshed kernel. 1 

Mayette. 

Type, Kerr form; large; ovate, rarely oblong; base obtuse; apex obtuse to 
slightly acute with mucronate tip; sutures appressed to slightly ribbed, 
pitted at the equator; flange narrow, very firmly sealed; shell thin, grayish 
yellow, quite smooth except along the sutures, longitudinal lines quite dis- 
tinct; diaphragm usually weakly shouldered, thin, and rarely persistent; 
kernel full, only moderately plump, convolutions pronounced, somewhat 
irregular, pellicle grayish yellow, glossy, very slightly astringent; veins 
sparse, but usually well defined by their darker color; flesh oily, rich; 
flavor sweet; quality very good. Origin: France; specimens grown by 
Tribble Bros., crop of 1910 (PI. V). 

Mayette Blanche. 

A Mayette having a light-colored or whitish flesh. 
Mayette Longue, Mayette Ronde, and Mayette Rouge. 

A Mayette having reddish-colored flesh. 

Type forms recognized as authentic in France, but not yet distinguished 
by American growers or in the American market. 

1 Lelong, B. M. California Walnut Industry. ISOrS-OG. 



VARIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. -17 

Mayette Seedling. 
A "second-generation" Mayette, grown by George C. Payne, Campbell, Cal., 
differs from the Kerr type in that the nut is more ovate, the upper half 
more tapering, and apex more acute ; the shell is a rich yellow, the sutures 
not quite so firmly sealed, and the flavor better. 

A type of Mayette grown by Thomas Prince, Dundee, Oreg., conforms very 
closely to the Payne " second generation " type in both color and form, 
though there is a larger percentage of oblong specimens: they have a 
reddish tone added to the rich yellow of the Payne Mayette: they are 
perceptibly smaller, though very uniform, with a kernel that is sweeter and 
less oily. 

A seedling Mayette grown by Ely I. Hutchinson, Concord, Cal., conforms 
in color and form very closely to the Kerr type, though somewhat smaller, 
with a rather sweeter and more oily kernel. 

A seedling Mayette grown by E. Terpenning, Eugene, Oreg., is medium in 
size, very sweet, and firmly sealed. The tree is reputed to be a regular 
and heavy bearer. 

Mayquette. 

Franquette type: above medium to large; oblong, with upper half tapered 
and somewhat angular; base obtuse to slightly rounded; apex acute or 
occasionally obtuse, with rather strong point ; sutures strongly ribbed, 
pitted at the equator; flange broad, very firmly sealed; shell rather thick, 
roughened with irregular protuberances and irregular variable depressions 
and pits and a few deep-seated veins, longitudinal lines usually well 
defined ; diaphragm strongly shouldered, thin but usually persistent ; kernel 
full, plump, convolutions pronounced and broken; pellicle brownish tinged, 
glossy, slightly astringent; veins inconspicuous: flesh crisp, oily, starchy; 
flavor moderately sweet, pleasant, mild; quality fair to good. Origin: A 
seedling from artificial pollination of Franquette X Mayette by Tribble 
Bros., Elk Grove, Cal.; specimens from the above firm, crop of 1910 (Pis. 
VI and X). 

Mesange. 
Modified Franquette type ; small, oblong to oblong ovate: base obtuse, rarely 
truncate; apex acute with strong point: sutures somewhat appressed to- 
ward the base, moderately to strongly ribbed above, slight pits usually 
present at the equator; flange narrow, very firmly sealed; shell yellowish 
or grayish yellow, thin, more or less roughened by slight irregular depres- 
sions; A'ariable furrows and small protuberances; longitudinal lines com- 
monly, present and well defined. Origin: Europe; specimens grown by 
Felix Gillet; second generation, crop of 1801. Introduced by Mr. Gillet. 
Elicited from the importer the following comment after its first fruiting 
in this country: "It is so named from the fact that the shell is so thin 
that the titlark, though a little bird, can pierce it and thus feed upon the 
kernel. The tree is very productive, while the nut is excellent for dessert 
and pickling, and is quite rich in oil." 

Meylan. 
Type; above medium; ovate or broadly oblong: base truncate; apex obtuse 
or acute, mucronate; sutures appressed to slightly ribbed, slight depressions, 
rarely a small pit at the equator; flange narrow to moderate, very firmly 
sealed; shell thin, rich yellow, smooth and regular, longitudinal lines fre- 
quently well defined; diaphragm firmly shouldered, thin and yielding: 
kernel full, moderately plump, convolutions moderate, irregular; pellicle 

254 



48 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

light yellowish, glossy or dull, very slightly astringent, veins sometimes 
abundant, giving the kernel a brownish east: flesh very oily, rich: flavor 
sweet, pleasant: quality hest. Origin: Europe; specimens grown by Ely I. 
Hutchinson, crop of 1910 (PI. III). 

A type of Meylan grown by Mr. Prince is somewhat smaller and darker 
with veins of the shell more conspicuous, kernel somewhat darker and not 
so plump though sweeter and less oily. 

Milbank. 

Parisienne type: above medium; olilong; base obliquely obtuse to obliquely 
truncate, about half will stand nearly erect upon base: apex obtuse, often 
more or less oblique, and apparently depressed as result of prominent shoul- 
ders, tip varies from practically none to an occasional rounded one of some 
strength; sutures with basal half appressed, apical half more or less ribbed, 
equatorial pits less pronounced than in the type but usually present at least 
on one side, occasionally quite deep depressions near the base; flange broad, 
usually firmly sealed though not difficult of separation; shell moderately 
thin, of pleasing yellowish color, moderately smooth, though well marked 
with shallow veining, longitudinal lines distinct though often irregular 
and broken; diaphragm strongly shouldered at basal end in particular and 
usually persistent; kernel full, convolutions rather strong and variable 
though moderately smooth, veins indistinct: pellicle light glossy to semi- 
glossy, mildly astringent; flesh tender, crisp, moderately rich; flavor mild, 
rather sweet and pleasant ; quality good. Origin: A seedling planted on the 
property of the late Mrs. Jeriamah Milbank, in Connecticut, about 1876; 
specimens from the original tree, crop of 1911 (PI. IX). 

While the tree is not a heavy bearer, it produces a good average annual 
crop and is said to be a robust, vigorous grower. 

Mission. 

Type; medium; oblong or obovate and somewhat angular; base obtuse to 
rounded; apex obtuse with mucronate tip or strong point: sutures from 
slightly to strongly ribbed, indifferently pitted at the equator; flange 
usually broad, firmly sealed; shell grayish brown, thickened by numerous 
irregular protuberances and roughened by pits and depressions, longitudinal 
lines occasionally well defined. Origin: California ; specimens grown by 
Charles S. Wilcoxon, crop of 1891. 

This variety was planted by the Spanish padres about the early missions 
in California. It is not now of commercial importance nor of varietal 
consequence. It is also known as Santa Barbara Hardshell. 

Mobart. 

Merely listed and illustrated by Lelong in his treatise entitled '•California 
Walnut Industry." 

Mount. 

Marbot type; medium; oblong, somewhat angular and occasionally tapering 
to the base; base rounded to acute: apex obtuse, infrequently truncate, 
mucronate; sutures quite strongly ribbed, sometimes pitted at the equator, 
but usually merely slight depressions; flange moderate, very firmly sealed; 
shell rather thick, bright yellow, moderately smooth, longitudinal lines 
usually present and well defined though sometimes variously broken; dia- 
phragm rather thick, firmly shouldered, frequently persistent; kernel quite 
full, fairly plump, convolutions moderate, irregular ami broken: pellicle 
reddish, dull, astringent; veins inconspicuous; flesh somewhat coarse, oily; 
flavor indifferent; quality fair. Origin: Original tree is growing upon the 
property of Joseph S. Mount, Hamilton Square, N. J.; was planted as a 

254 



VAEIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. 49 

small tree in 1884 and has borne more or less of a crop since 1S90, when 
it produced its first fruit ; specimens grown by Mr. Mount, crop of 1909 
(Tl. VIII). 

Nebo. 

Parisienne type; large; broadly oblong to oblong ovate; base obtusely 
rounded; apex refuse with very slight mucronate point ; sutures strongly 
ribbed above but depressed below and distinctly pitted at the equator. 
Origin: Chance seedling in Lancaster County, Pa. ; specimens supplied by 
J. G. Rush, crop of 1910 (PI. V). 

Neff. 

Santa Barbara type; large; roundish oblong, occasionally tapering toward the 
base, quite angular and irregular; base rounded and usually with one lobe 
projecting; apex obtuse with strong point; sutures quite strongly ribbed, 
occasionally pitted at the equator; flange broad, only moderately sealed; 
shell rather thick, grayish yellow, roughened with numerous depressions, 
largely due to strong veining and slight rounded protuberances, longitudinal 
lines quite well defined though usually broken ; diaphragm strongly shoul- 
dered but thin and yielding, scarcely persistent; kernel moderately full and 
plump, convolutions usually slight though variable and broken; pellicle with 
a decided brownish tinge, glossy, mildly astringent; veins dark and well 
defined ; flesh rather crisp, oily ; flavor sweet, mild, pleasant ; quality good. 
Origin: A tree obtained from a local nursery dealing in seedling stock 
planted among other trees from the same nursery at the same time — 1892 — 
by J. B. Neff, Anaheim, Cal. ; Mr. Neff reports it to be the most prolific and 
regular bearer that he has. He also says : "It is not the smooth nut that 
I would like." Specimens grown by Mr. Neff, crop of 1910 (PI. V). 

Neff Prolific. 

Synonym of Neff. 

Norman. 

Synonym of Pomeroy. 

Papershell. 

Synonym of Mesange. The term " Papershell " is also used for a variety with 
a very thin shell, formerly planted in California, but discarded as wholly 
unfit for the commercial orchard because the tree is a shy bearer, though 
the nut is of high quality. 

Paradox. 

A name first used by Luther Burbank in 1897-98 to designate a tree from a 
nut produced by a cross-fertilization of Juglans rcgia and J. calif arnica. 
The term is now used to distinguish any tree arising from the cross- 
fertilization of these two species (PI. II). 

Parisienne. 
Type ; above medium to large ; oblong, upper half often tapers to such extent 
that it has the appearance of being ovate; base obliquely obtuse; apex 
usually obtuse, though occasionally rounded with mucronate tip; sutures 
appressed to slightly ribbed, usually deep pitted at the equator, which is 
often below a median line; flange narrow to moderately broad, firmly 
sealed; shell thin, brownish, roughened with numerous irregular and shal- 
low pits, longitudinal lines variable, usually indistinct; diaphragm weakly 
shouldered, thin but strong; kernel full, convolutions moderate, regular, and 
rather smooth; pellicle light, glossy, mildly astringent; flesh tender, oily. 
rich; flavor sweet; quality very good. Origin: Soutbeastern France nearly 
200 years ago. Now rated by the French as one of the three highest quality 
dessert nuts. Specimens grown by George C. Payne; crop of 1911 (PL V). 
60951°— Bull. 254—13 i 



50 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

Parry. 

Illustrated in American Fruit and Nut Journal, June, 1908; also in Bulletin 
92, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, in which publication it is said 
to be of medium size and rather flat at the base. 

Payne. 

Franquette type; above medium; oblong with upper half narrowed, or even 
almost tapering to the apex ; base obtuse to rounded ; apex sometimes 
rounded, usually acute with a strong point; sutures strongly ribbed, only 
moderately or not at all pitted at the equator; flange moderate and variable, 
firmly sealed; shell moderately thin, yellowish, rather smooth, though 
usually more or less furrowed and pitted with shallow depressions ; dia- 
phragm firmly shouldered but thin and weak ; kernel full, convolutions even 
and moderate; pellicle light to slightly tinged with brown, very slightly 
astringent, veining slightly dark, though not pronounced; flesh rather dry; 
flavor mild, hardly sweet; quality fair. Origin: Accidental seedling dis- 
covered at Campbell, Cal., by George C. Payne, about 1898; parentage un- 
known, but of Franquette type. Specimens grown by Mr. Payne ; crop of 
1910 (PL VII). 

Of this nut an Oregon grower, Mr. Ferd Groner, says: " It is a fine nut, 
but the blight affects it seriously. It is not adapted to Oregon conditions 
because it blossoms too early." 

Payou. 

Bijou type; very large; oblong, usually somewhat angular and narrowed 
at the base; base rounded; apex obtuse, mucronate; sutures appressed or 
slightly ribbed, narrowly and deeply pitted at the equator, which usually 
lies above a median line; flange narrow, imperfectly sealed; shell moder- 
ately thin, yellowish brown to darker, very rough with irregular convolu- 
tions and numerous depressions, longitudinal lines frequently evidenced by 
a series of narrow, deep pits; diaphragm firmly shouldered but thin and 
weak; kernel quite full, convolutions regular and large; pellicle rather 
dark, glossy, slightly astringent, veining quite pronounced and dark; fiesh 
oily, rich; flavor sweet ; quality very good. Origin: Offspring of a cross be- 
tween Bijou and Payne made by George C. Payne in 1903 or 1904; speci- 
mens grown by G. C. Payne, the originator; crop of 1910 (PI. III). 

Pear Shape. 

Synonym of Yilmorin. 

Peerless (Papershell). 

Bijou type. Originated with Mrs. Rebecca E. Semple. Burlington. X. J., 
from a nut planted by her in 1893. Reported as promising for Maryland 
in Bulletin 125, Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station. Considering 
the type to which the name "Papershell" has been applied in the past, 
the term is a positive misnomer. 

Persian. 

Type; medium; roundish oblong; base obliquely obtuse to rounded; apex 
obtuse to acute with mucronate tip: sutures moderately to quite strongly 
ribbed, irregularly pitted at the equator; flange moderate, very firmly 
sealed; shell thin, grayish yellow, rather thick, strong, moderately rough 
with numerous depressions and a few protuberances, longitudinal lines 
indistinct; diaphragm weakly shouldered, thin, scarcely persistent; kernel 
full, plump, convolutions large and variable: pellicle light yellowish brown, 
glossy, scarcely astringent, veins not conspicuous; hVsh crisp, slightly oily; 
flavor very sweet, mild; quality good. Origin: Imported from France; 
specimens grown by Ely I. Hutchinson; crop of 1910 (PI. IV). 

254 



VARIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. 51 

Though Persian is a generic commercial term in general use, it is used 
in this case by Mr. Hutchinson and some others to designate a particular 
type of nut of medium size that has made a record for productiveness, 
while at the same time possessing considerable merit as a nut of high 
quality. It can hardly be classed as a "soft-shell" in the strict meaning 
of the term. 

Persian Dwarf Prolific. 
Synonym of Fertile. 

Persian (round). 

Nuts of the crop of 1911 wore imported by the Office of Foreign Seed and 
Plant Introduction. Bureau of Plant Industry. 

Placentia. 

Santa Barbara type; large, decidedly angular; obovate to oblong; base 
rounded; apex obtuse to rounded, mucronate; sutures decidedly appressed, 
small, deep pits, few to none at the equator; flange narrow, firmly sealed, 
though a considerable number of specimens are imperfectly closed at apex; 
shell thin, dark brown, mottled with gray, rough with numerous pits of 
various sizes and broken ribs, longitudinal lines negligible; diaphragm 
variable, though usually more or less persistent; kernel full size though not 
plump, convolutions variable and irregular; pellicle light yellowish brown, 
more or less glossy, slightly astringent, veins few but sometimes quite 
pronounced by their dark color; flesh moderately oily; flavor sweet; quality 
good. Origin: Chance seedling about 1890 in Orange County, Cal. ; speci- 
mens grown by J. B. Neff ; crop of 1910 (Pis. VI and XI). 

Placentia Perfection. 
Synonym of Placentia. 

Pomeroy. 

Small; oblong; base rounded; apex rounded, occasionally slightly pointed, 
usually mucronate; sutures appressed or occasionally very slightly ribbed, 
scarcely pitted at the equator; flange broad, firmly sealed; shell smooth, 
thick, grayish brown to light yellowish, longitudinal lines inconspicuous; 
diaphragm strong, firmly shouldered, persistent; kernel full, convolutions 
moderate; pellicle light yellowish, astringent, veining generally incon- 
spicuous; flesh moderately oily; flavor very sweet; quality good. Origin: 
With the late Norman Pomeroy, Lockport. N. Y\, from nuts obtained by 
him from a tree in Philadelphia, and planted in 1ST6 ; specimens grown by 
Mr. Pomeroy, crop of 1!)1() (PI. X). 

Poorman. 

Listed by Lelong, in "California Walnut Industry," as a variety of recent 
introduction. 

Precocious. 

Synonym of Fertile. 

Prince. 

Persian Long type: large: oblong to narrowly oblong, tapering to apex; 
base rounded; apex acute, occasionally obtuse, mucronate pointed; sutures 
appressed, moderately or not at all pitted at the equator; flange variable. 
usually narrow, not quite firmly sealed; shell dark brown, very conspicu- 
ously marked with narrow and slightly depressed veins producing the 
appearance of roughness while in truth it is quite smooth and even, longi- 
tudinal lines variable; diaphragm usually firmly shouldered, thin but 
strong and at times persistent ; kernel not quite full, rather irregular, con- 
volutions variable, generally only moderate; pellicle light yellow to brown- 
ish, glossy, mildly astringent; flesh moderately oily; flavor sweet, rich; 

254 



52 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

quality good. Origin: Chance seedling with the late Felix < iillet, California, 
about 1895; specimens grown by Mr. Prince, crop of 1910 (Pis. VII and 
XI). 

Sold with others to All an order for trees supplied to Thomas ^Prince, 
Dundee, Oreg. Its distinct form, size, and color so easily distinguished it 
from the other nuts in the orchard that it was given the above name after 
fruiting a few times. Unfortunately, it is not blight resistant at its home. 

Prince of Yamhill. 
Synonym of Prince. 

Prolific. 

Persian Long type; large; oblong to obovate; base rounded; apex usually 
acute with point obtuse or mucronate; sutures moderately or even strongly 
ribbed, rarely pitted at the equator; flange usually broad, firmly sealed; 
shell thin, grayish brown, roughened with numerous irregular and fre- 
quently rather deep pits and depressions, longitudinal lines usually present 
and well defined; diaphragm almost weakly shouldered, thin and yielding, 
rarely persistent ; kernel full, plump, convolutions moderate and quite regu- 
lar; pellicle rather dark (probably due to climate), glossy, astringent; flesh 
rather rich, very oily; flavor sweet; quality good. Origin: Chance seed- 
ling with E. G. Ware. Garden Grove, Cal., from a Santa Barbara nut ob- 
tained from the Sexton place; first propagated by grafting in 1899; weli 
worth extended trial; specimens grown by Mr. Ware, crop of 1910 
(PL VII). 

Prceparturiens or Prseparturiens. 
Synonym of Fertile. 

Rivera Hardshell and Rivera Softshell. 

Listed and illustrated by Lelong in his treatise entitled "California Walnut 
Industry." 

Royal. 

A name first used by Luther Burbank in L897-98 for a tree from a nut 
produced by a cross-fertilization of Juglans californica and ./. nigra. The 
name is applied to any tree that is the offspring of cross-fertilization be- 
tween these two species (PL II). 

Rush. 

Parisienne type; medium; roundish oblong to oblong, occasionally some- 
what oblique; base obtuse truncate; apex very slightly rounded or even 
depressed; scarcely mucronate; sutures appressed or slightly ribbed, 
usually slightly pitted at the equator; flange broad, very firmly sealed; 
shell grayish brown, roughened by numerous small, shallow depressions, 
longitudinal lines inconspicuous; diaphragm firmly shouldered, strong and 
persistent; kernel full, convolutions moderate; pellicle light golden tinge, 
slightly astringent, glossy; veining moderate and dark; flesh medium 
texture, moderately oily; flavor sweet, rich; quality good. Origin: Chance 
seedling in 1886, with J. G. Rush, West Willow. Pa.; specimens grown by 
Mr. Rush, crop of 1910 (PI. VII). 

Santa Barbara. 
Type; above medium to large; form variable, oblong or broadly oblong, 
the lower half frequently tapering and occasionally oblique; base rounded; 
apex obtuse to acute with mucronate tip or Arm point; sutures medium 
to strongly ribbed or sometimes appressed. not infrequently pitted at the 
equator; flange variable, firmly sealed; shell moderately thin, grayish, or 
yellowish; from quite rough to moderately smooth, longitudinal lines negli- 
gible; diaphragm rather weakly shouldered, thin and scarcely persistent; 
kernel full, rather plump, convolutions moderate. Irregular, and broken; 
254 



VARIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. 53 

pellicle yellowish brown, slightly astringent, glossy, veins rather numerous, 
especially the smaller ones noticeable; flesh rather dry; flavor moderately 
sweet; quality good to very good. Origin: Chance seedling from nuts 
thought to have been imported from Chile planted in Santa Barbara County, 
Cal., by Joseph Sexton in 1886; specimens grown on La Patera Ranch, crop 
of 1910 (PI. IV). 

The type of this variety is extremely variable in minor details, a result 
of the practice of propagating from nuts selected to meet the ideas of the 
respective growers. While these ideas coincide in a general way, there are 
marked differences as to form, and at best growers do not confine themselves 
closely to definite ideals. It is easily understood that the production of 
uniform nuts is difficult to attain from seedlings, and so long as this 
method is pursued we can hardly expect to have other than a very variable 
type. 

Santa Barbara (More form). 

The favorite form of the Santa Barbara as selected by John F. More; some- 
what more angular than the nut described; a more pronounced apical 
point ; rougher ; sutures more strongly ribbed. Specimens grown by Mr. 
More, crop of 1910 (PI. IV). 

Santa Barbara (Williams form). 

An improved form of Santa Barbara selected by George M. Williams. The 
sutures are more appressed and the nut smoother, though in other re- 
spects conforming closely to the general type of this variety as now 
propagated in southern California. Specimens grown by Mr. Williams, 
crop of 1910 (PI. IV). 

Santa Barbara Softshell. 
Synonym of Santa Barbara. 

San Jose Mayette. 
Synonym of Wiltz. 

Santa Rosa. 

Santa Barbara type; above medium to large; oblong with broadly oblong 
or tapering lower half; base rounded and commonly oblique; apex acute 
or obtuse with strong point ; sutures strongly ribbed, rarely pitted at the 
equator; flange variable, only moderately sealed; shell thin, grayish to 
yellowish, roughened particularly along the sutures by irregular depres- 
sions, pits, and protuberances, longitudinal lines infrequent, occasionally 
well defined ; diaphragm firmly shouldered, generally thin and weak, 
rarely persistent ; kernel full, moderately plump, convolutions pronounced 
and variable; pellicle rich yellowish brown, glossy, astringent, veins rather 
sparse, but generally well defined; flesh oily, rich; flavor sweet; quality 
good. Origin: Chance seedling at San Francisco years ago, but later 
moved to Santa Rosa, where it now stands; first introduced by Luther 
Burbank in 1SS2-83 ; specimens grown by George C. Payne, crop of 1910 
(PI. IV). 

Serotina. 

Franquette type, modified; small; ovate, occasionally somewhat oblong; 
base obtuse to truncate; apex acute to acuminate, with strong point; sutures 
appressed at the base, moderately to strongly ribbed above, pits at the 
equator, narrow and deep; flange moderate, very firmly sealed; shell yel- 
lowish, smooth, rather thin, longitudinal lines usually well defined; dia- 
phragm thick, strongly shouldered, and often more or less persistent. Origin: 
Europe; specimens grown by Felix Gillet ; second generation, crop of 1S91 
(PI. VIII). 

254 



54 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

In a brief description of this variety in 1887-88. Mr. Gillet said : " This 
variety is of especial value for planting in those districts where late spring 
frosts prevail, as it is very late in vegetating. The tree is very prolific and 
the nut is of medium size, well shaped, with a very sweet and highly 
flavored kernel." 

Sexton. 

Originated with Joseph Sexton, in California, but not a well-defined variety 
with individual merit, and not propagated. 

Sexton's Papershell and Sexton's Softshell. 
Synonyms of Santa Barbara. 

Sinclair. 

Parisienne type; above medium to large; broadly oblong; base obtuse 
truncate; apex obtuse to slightly retuse, with mucronate tip; sutures ap- 
pressed at base, slightly ribbed; irregularly if at all pitted at the equator, 
which is above a median line; flange narrow, firmly sealed; shell medium 
thick, pleasing yellow, moderately smooth, though the abundant veining 
gives it the appearance of roughness, longitudinal lines usually present and 
well defined; diaphragm strongly shouldered, rather thick, and somewhat 
persistent; kernel full, plump, convolutions moderate and variable; pellicle 
dark, semiglossy. very astringent; veins ample and dark; flesh crisp, rather 
oily, and starchy; flavor insipid; quality fair. Origin: A seedling on the 
property of L. J. Onion, Harford County, Md. ; specimens from Mr. Onion, 
crop of 1911 (PI. IX). 

Smith's Favorite. 
Synonym of Favorite. 

Stocktonian. 

Franquette type, slightly modified; large; oblong to oblong ovate, or even 
occasionally elliptic; base obtuse or irregularly rounded; apex obtuse to 
acute with short, strong point ; sutures rather strongly ribbed, indifferently 
pitted toward the base; flange broad and quite firmly sealed; shell mod- 
erately thin, bright yellow, somewhat roughened by various irregular de- 
pressions, longitudinal lines almost absent; diaphragm strongly shouldered, 
rather heavy and persistent; kernel only moderately full, not plump, con- 
volutions variable, but usually pronounced ; pellicle dull, light brown, astrin- 
gent; veins inconspicuous; flesh starchy, oily: flavor indifferent: quality 
fair. Origin: E. M. Price says: "It is a seedling of Serotina; bears every 
year, and is prolific; blossoms early and has not yet been affected by 
blight." Specimens supplied by E. M. Price, crop of 1910. 

Teague. 

Santa Barbara type; medium, though rather variable in size and also 
form; roundish oblong to broadly oblong with decidedly tailoring base in 
many specimens; base obliquely obtuse to rounded or even acute: apex 
obtuse or acute, mucronate tip to firm point; sutures moderate to strongly 
ribbed, rarely pitted at the equator: flange usually broad, firmly sealed, 
though frequent specimens are imperfectly closed; shell thin, yellowish, 
varying from quite smooth to roughened by numerous irregular shallow 
depressions and protuberances, longitudinal lines rarely noticeable; dia- 
phragm weakly shouldered, thin, and scarcely persistent; kernel very full 
and plump, convolutions variable, moderate; pellicle light yellow tinged 
with brown, dull, semiglossy. slightly astringent, veins numerous and brown 
to dark brown; flesh oily; flavor moderately sweet; quality fair. Origin: 
Chance seedling of the Santa Barbara; planted in Ventura, Cal., in 1886, 
and reputed to be blight immune; specimens grown by Dana L. Teague, 
crop of 1910. 
254 



VARIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. 55 

Thinshelled. 
A variety catalogued by the Georgia Horticultural Society, report for 1900; 
possibly Higbtstowu, which has sometimes passed under the uame of 
Thinshelled. 

Titlark. 

Synonym of Mesange. 

Treyve. 

Parisienne type; above medium; oblong, with an appearance of angularity; 
base obtuse; apex obtuse, mucronate; sutures slightly ribbed to appressed, 
usually strongly pitted at the equator; flange moderately broad, firmly 
sealed; shell brownish, mottled with gray, slightly roughened, with scat- 
tered shallow depressions and pits along the sutures, longitudinal lines de- 
pressed, generally indistinct or broken, though occasionally well defined; 
diaphragm strong and firmly shouldered : kernel moderately full, convolu- 
tions medium to large; pellicle very light, semigldssy, astringent, veining 
indistinct : flesh moderately oily ; flavor moderately sweet, mild ; quality 
good. Origin: France; specimens grown by Ely I. Hutchinson, crop of 
1910 (PI. VII). 

Vilmorin. 
A hybrid between Juglans regia and ./. nigra, originating in France and intro- 
duced into the United States by Felix Gillet. "The nut has the shape of 
the Persian walnut, or rather that of Serotina, and the shell the appearance 
and hardiness of the black walnut. A very curious nut, but not desirable 
for market." * 

Volga. 2 

Medium ; long, ovate ; shell quite thin ; quality good ; grown by the writer 
from nuts picked up at Saratov, on the Volga, in Russia. It proved hardy 
enough to endure winters in central Iowa, and is now propagated in 
Missouri. 

Vourey. 

Franquette type, modified; small to medium, broadly oblong ovate: base 
obliquely truncate; apex obtuse to acute, with firm point; sutures strongly 
ribbed, broadly pitted at the equator; flange narrow, firmly sealed; shell 
yellowish, thin, roughened by numerous irregular depressions and pro- 
tuberances ; diaphragm firmly shouldered, thin, though frequently per- 
sistent. Origin: Near Vourey, in southeastern France; specimens grown by 
John Rock, California Nursery Co., crop of 1S91 (PI. VIII). 

Of this variety the late Felix Gillet said, " It is much the same form as 
Parisienne and possesses its superior quality." Of its quality the writer 
can not speak, since the material from which the above description was 
made was 9 years old, rancid, and worm-eaten; but the form, while very 
unlike a Parisienne, much resembles Franquette, more particularly its 
upper two-thirds, with a decidedly truncate base (a Mayette character), 
and the same strongly ribbed sutures, with an extended, firmly pointed 
apex. It is evident that the Rock and Gillet types of Vourey are not the 
same, but quite different nuts. Upon the general character of the Vourey, 
Berthet remarks, " This variety holds a middle place between Mayette and 
Franquette; it is smaller than the first and as rustic as the second." 
He adds that it is a dessert nut and is later than Mayette by 15 days. 

1 Catalbgue, Barren Hill Nurseries, 1887-88. 

2 J. L. Budd, American Horticultural Manual, pt. 2, 1903. 
254 



56 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

From the above statements it appears that the Rock type is approximately 
true to the French standard and quite possibly would serve as a parent 
for American stock. 

Ward. 

Cahor type; medium to slightly above; oblong; base rounded; apex obtuse 
to acute, mueronate tip; sutures appressed or very slightly ribbed, rarely 
pitted at the equator; flange narrow to variable, firruly sealed; shell rather 
thin though strong, grayish brown, moderately smooth to roughened by 
wavy and slightly raised convolutions and narrow depressed veins, lon- 
gitudinal lines rarely present : diaphragm weakly shouldered, thin, though 
somewhat persistent ; kernel full, plump, convolutions regular, even, and 
pronounced; pellicle light yellow to brownish, dull, very slightly astringent: 
flesh crisp, slightly oily, rich; flavor sweet; quality fair to good. Origin: 
Accidental seedling with W. H. Ward, Morgan Hill. Cal., about 1897; tree 
hardy, prolific, thus far free from blight; specimens grown by Mr. Ward, 
crop of 1910 (PI. V). 

Weaver. 

Fertile type, modified; small; oblong; base rounded to obliquely obtuse; apex 
obtuse to slightly acute, mueronate tipped; sutures slightly ribbed to some- 
what appressed, more or less pitted at the equator; flange rather broad, 
very firmly sealed; shell brownish gray, thick, slightly roughened by 
numerous small, irregular depressions and an occasional pit, longitudinal 
lines usually present though more or less irregularly broken; diaphragm 
firmly shouldered, thick and persistent; kernel full, plump, convolutions 
very moderate, broken, and variable; pellicle brownish yellow, dull, slightly 
astringent; veins inconspicuous or rarely well defined; flesh oily, starchy, 
rather coarse; flavor insipid, scarcely sweet; quality poor to fair. Origin: 
Chance seedling on the Weaver estate near Martinsburg, W. Va. ; reputed 
to be approximately 75 years of age and a regular and heavy bearer: 
specimens from the original tree, crop of 1910. 

Weeping. 1 

Probably a synonym of Juglans regia pendula. Felix Gillet says: "Still 
another new and valuable variety; it derives its name from its branches 
drooping under the weight of nuts, we presume, like a weeping willow." 
Further than this we have found no record of the variety in the United 
States. 

Willson. 

A large nut of the Bijou type originating in Santa Clara County, Cal., about 
1910; said by the introducer to be very precocious, productive, and blight 
proof. 

Willson's Acme. 
Synonym of Acme. 

Willson's Wonder. 
Synonym of Willson. 

Wiltz. 

Mayette type; large, broadly oblong, sometimes narrowed at base: base 
slightly rounded to obtuse; apex obtuse, acute pointed; sutures slightly 
ribbed to appressed, usually pitted at the equator; flange narrow, oc- 
casionally imperfectly sealed; shell very thin, light yellowish, moderately 
smooth with depressions about the sutures, longitudinal lines depressed 
and well defined; diaphragm weak shouldered and thin; kernel full, con- 



1 Catalogue, Barren Hill Nurseries, 1887-88. 
264 



VARIETIES AND TYPES OF WALNUTS. 57 

volutions pronounced ; pellicle light, semiglossy, very slightly astringent ; 
veining inconspicuous; flesh moderately oily; flavor sweet; quality very 
good. Origin: Chance seedling discovered on the Stevens Road near San 
Jose, Cal., ahout 1892; specimens grown hy R. Wiltz, crop of 1010 (PI. XI). 
This is another of the varieties recommended for trial by the University 
of California as promising in the work against blight. 1 The fact that one 
tree in the home orchard of Mr. Wiltz has grown for nine years between 
two trees of other varieties and while they are more or less affected with 
blight each year it remains free is excellent evidence that this variety 
promises to be blight resistant. Before positive statement can be made 
there must be extended trial over a wide area under variable conditions. 
Should it stand the test it will be widely planted, for it possesses several 
qualities esteemed by the dealer and consumer, being of excellent size, 
form, and color and of good quality and flavor. The nuts are quite uni- 
form, with a small percentage of culls, and the tree is fairly productive, 
though not a robust grower. Mr. Wiltz states that the trees may be set in 
permanent orchard at 30 feet apart and have ample room. This is based 
on the growth of the tree upon its own roots. It is quite probable that 
the variety would make a larger growth upon the native black or hybrid 
stocks. 
Wiltz Mayette. 
Synonym of Wiltz. 

WEIGHT AND MEASUREMENT. 

Table II gives the weight and measurement of several hundred 
average specimens of Persian walnuts from the crop of 1910. The 
weights were made in February, 1911. The nuts had been stored so 
as to insure dry specimens under uniform treatment. The figures 
are merely approximate, as the weight of nuts varies from year to 
year. The variation in both the development of the kernel and in 
the thickness and weight of the shell depends upon climate, soil, food, 
and water. These figures may serve as a basis for more compre- 
hensive work in future investigations. Allowance must be made 
for the personal equation in the fact that different people selected 
the average specimens of several varieties. 

The weight gives the number of nuts to the pound; the measure- 
ments are of diameters in inches (1) at right angles to the sutures, 
(2) in the plane of the sutures, (3) from base to apex. The French 
Mayette, as sold on the New York market for 1910, is used as a leader, 
merely for comparative purposes. 

1 Bulletin 203, California Agricultural Experiment Station. 
254 



58 



THE PERSIAN WALHTJ1 INDUSTRY. 



Table II. — Average weight and size of typical fan walnuts, 

by varieties. 

[Varieties illustrated in the plates are indicated by an asterisk (*).] 



Vsaabr. 



Diameter (in inches). 



to the m 
P oraxd - Across 



(2) 

I lane 

of 

mtnroe 



Alpine* 

Barnes 

Bijou * 

Chaberte* 

Chase* 

Chelan* 

Cumberland*... 

Eureka* 

Fertile ♦(Hutch- 
inson 

Ford* 

Franquet t e 

(Hutchinson). 
Fran.:. 

(Vrooman) 

Gladv* 

Hales* 

Hubbard* 

Jouraeay* 

Keesling* 

Hall* 

Holden* 

Kaghazi * 

Klondike 11 

B * 

grown 



39 


1.27 


36 


1.31 


30 


• S3 


41 


1.22 


34 


1.44 


43 


1.16 


37 


1.34 


37 


1.26 


. 


1.55 


40 


1.30 


35 




35 


1.42 


44 


1.33 


r 4 


1.25 



1.47 
1.26 
I 58 

1.17 
1.47 
1. IS 
1.31 
1.2.5 
1.20 

1.15 
1.13 

1.47 



1.4S 
1.25 
I SI 
1.05 
1.44 
1.17 
1.22 
1.22 
1 :> 

1.13 
1.08 
1.37 

L25 

1.34 
1.45 
1.30 
1.30 
1.11 
1.25 
1.23 
1.44 
1.23 
1.31 
1.25 
1.22 



(3) 

tudi- 
nal. 



: II 

1.43 
L8 

1.30 

1.53 
1.53 
1.33 

:.«■ 

1.47 
1.40 
1.72 

1.69 

: B 
: » 

1.62 

1.75 

1.61 
1.53 
1.67 
1.63 
1.70 
1.S4 
1.44 

L41 



Variety. 



Nuts 
to the 
poom L 



(1) 
A:; BE 
aubnes . 



M e y 1 a n* 
(Hutchinson - ).. 

M e v 1 a n* 
(Prince) 

Milbank* 

Mount* 

Nebo* 

Xerl* 

Parisienne* 

Payne* 

Payou* 

Plaeentia* 

Persian* 

Pomeroy * 

Prince* 

Prolific- 

Rush* 

Santa Barbara *. 

Santa B an* 

Sinclair* 

Sorrento * (Ital- 
ian) 

Teasue 

Trevve* 

Ward* 

Weaver 

Willi* 






(2) 

I lane 

of 

nullum 



1.42 
1.30 
1.17 
1.47 
1.42 
1.41 
1.31 
1.61 
1.31 
I .- 
1. - 
1.33 
1.32 
1.27 
1.32 
1.3S 
1.31 

1.11 
1.23 
1.34 
1.20 
1.03 



(3) 

tudi- 
nal. 



L30 

1.30 

: .« 

LIS 

1.39 
1.33 
1.30 
1.34 
1.42 
1.25 
LIS 
1.09 
1.22 
1.25 
1.17 
1.27 
1.2S 
1.2S 

:. :•> 

1.17 
1.22 
1.13 
1.03 
1.43 



1.45 

1.41 
1.52 
1.21 
1.59 

- 52 

. n 

2.63 
1.59 
1.36 
1.34 
1. 80 
1.77 
1.33 
1.20 
1.59 
1.45 

1.55 
1.37 
1.45 
1.50 
1.31 



PROPAGATION. 

The problem of the best way to propagate the walnut is of long 
standing, though for obvious reasons the present interest i- greater 
than at any time in the past. Nearly a hundred years ago < ISIS ) 
Thomas Andrew Knight, writing of the propagation of the walnut, 
said: 

The advantages of propagating varieties of the walnut tree by hndding will. 
I think, be found considerable, provided the buds be taken from young or even 
middle-aged healthy trees: for. exclusive of the advantage of obtaining fruit 
fr<>m very young trees, the planter will be enabled to select not only such varie- 
ties as afford the best fruit but also such as endure best, as timber trees, the 
vicissitudes of our climate. In this res ct e leg of difference is aln si 

alws able in the constitution of each individual seedling tree, and this 

is invariably transferred with the graft or bud. * * * 

The buds of trees of almost ever; s - <ueceed with most certainty when 

inserted in the sh'*>ts of the same year's growth. But the walnut tree appears 
to afford an exception, possibly in some measure because its buds contain within 
themselves in the spring all the leaves which the tree bears in the following 
summer, whence its annual sheets wholly cease to elongate soon after its buds 
unfold. All its buds of ea< I - - ~ qjiemly. very nearly of the 

same age. and long before any have acquired the proper deirree of maturity for 
being removed the annual branches have ceased to grow lunger c>r to produce 
new foliage. * * * 

254 



PROPAGATION. 59 

There are at the base of the annual shoots of the walnut and other trees, 
where those join the year-old wood, many minute buds which are almost con- 
cealed in the bark, and which rarely or never vegetate but in the event of the 
destruction of the large prominent buds which occupy the middle and opposite 
end of the annual wood. By inserting in each stock one of these minute buds 
and one of the large and prominent kind I had the pleasure to find that the 
minute buds took freely, whilst the large all failed without a single exception. 
This experiment was repeated in the summer of 1815 upon two yearling stocks 
[with equal success]. * * * 

The most eligible situation for the insertion of buds of this species of tree 
and probably of others of similar habits is near the summit of the wood of the 
preceding year and, of course, very near the base of the annual shoot; and if 
buds of the small kind above mentioned be skillfully inserted in such parts of 
branches of rapid growth they will be found to succeed with nearly as much 
certainty as those of other fruit trees, provided such buds be in a more mature 
state than those of the stocks into which they are inserted. 1 

Later (1832) Mr. Knight said: 

The walnut tree appears hitherto to have effectually baffled, under all ordi- 
nary circumstances, the art of the grafter. * * * [It] may be propagated 
with more success by budding. I have succeeded tolerably well in some sea- 
sons and in one season perfectly well, but in several others not a single inserted 
bud has been found alive in the following year, though all had been inserted 
with the greatest care. 2 

Mr. Knight also stated that he found the following mode of graft- 
ing perfectly successful in 1831 under many unfavorable circum- 
stances: Allow the primary buds to unfold on both stocks and scions; 
then remove the opened buds, and after the small secondary or ter- 
tiary buds, which have been previously almost invisible, begin to 
swell, take off the scions and immediately insert upon the stocks, 
which should be of wood of the previous year. Saddle or cleft graft- 
ing is equally successful, though with both modes of operating it is 
advantageous to pare away almost all of the wood of the scion, the 
large pith of the young walnut in this case being of no inconvenience 
to the operator. 3 

The French author Berthet, 4 writing upon this topic some years 
ago, said : 

It is noticeable that the walnut, especially when not grafted, seasons very 
often; that it is to say that the harvests are not equal from year to year; an 
abundant harvest may be followed by a very poor one. 

Speaking of the importance of grafting as a means of propagat- 
ing the walnut, J. B. Net!', 5 a grower of high-grade stock and origina- 
tor of the Neff nut, says : 

The average seedling walnut orchard is not a success for several reasons : 
The nuts are uneven in size and form, the trees are not equally productive 

1 Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, ser. 1, vol. 3, 1820, pp. 133—135. 
-Idem, ser. 2, vol. 1, 1835, pp. 214-215. 
:! Idem, pp. 215-216. 

4 Annales des l'Institut National Agronomique, ser. 2, 1897, p. 34. 
•"■ Persona] communication. 
254 



60 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

and are largely subject to blight. It may be said that one-fourth of the trees 
produce a few nuts, another one-fourth produce about enough to pay the ex- 
penses of their own care, thus leaving one-half to pay such profit as may be 
obtained from the whole. 

From this statement, which appears conservative, of the views 
held by one of the best-informed growers of the Pacific coast, the 
profits of an orchard of seedling trees are not over one-half what 
they should be if the trees were grafted. The profits on an orchard 
of grafted trees should be considerably larger if judicious care is 
taken in the selection of both varieties and stock. If it be true that 
seedling trees are more liable than grafted ones to attack by blight 
bacteria, it is probable that the revenue would be more than double 
that derived from the average seedling orchard. It must be kept 
m mind that there is much difference of opinion among growers 
and propagators as to what are the best stocks and varieties for 
specific localities. Much of this divergence of opinion among lead- 
ing growers is due to the fact that experimentation in the propaga- 
tion and improvement of the walnut in the United States is in the 
earliest stages. 

Notwithstanding the success of Mr. Knight in budding the walnut, 
the method of propagating commercially has been to plant the nuts, 
except to a limited extent as in the Grenoble district, where the prac- 
tice of grafting some of the best strains of the Mayette, Franquette, 
and Parisienne has been followed for some years. 

The earliest walnut orchards of California were grown from nuts 
purchased in the open market. After these orchards began to bear 
it was noticed that some trees produced more and better nuts than 
others. Then followed a period in which the growers selected nuts 
from trees that were heavy bearers or that yielded a product of a 
higher quality, better form or color, thinner shell, or earlier maturity. 
This seed-selective method poduced several improved varieties, some 
of which should be propagated with a greater degree of certainty 
than is possible by seedage. 

It has been found that the walnut is like the apple, the pear, the 
peach, and the plum; there are only two ways of propagating a 
variety with certainty — by budding and by grafting. Thus, it has 
come about after centuries of cultivation that advanced students 
and successful growers agree that budded or grafted trees should be 
used in starting a commercial orchard. Trees true to name are now 
propagated almost exclusively by grafting, but experiments during 
the past year or two by several propagators, notably Kraus, of Ore- 
gon, indicate that budding will soon take rank with if not super- 
sede the grafting process. 

254 



PROPAGATION. 61 

STOCKS. 

The two important elements in propagating the walnut true to 
type, variety, or name are the stock and the scion. The consensus of 
opinion is that the two native black walnuts, together with the rock 
walnut of Texas, are the stocks par excellence on which to graft the 
Persian walnut. The most enlightened propagators and growers 
recommend Juglans rupestris for Texas and the Southwest; -/. cali- 
fornica, southern form, for the foothills and interior valleys of 
southern California; ./. californica, northern form, for the coast 
region and interior valleys of northern California and southern Ore- 
gon, including the Umpqua Valley; -/. nigra oy J. call fornica, northern 
form, for the Willamette Valley in Oregon and the Columbia Valley 
in both Oregon and Washington; and ./. nigra for the eastern United 
States. Further investigation of the merits of these stocks through 
extended plantings may modify those conclusions, particularly as to 
interior California and the Willamette and Columbia Valleys. 

K. Wiltz, a propagator of considerable experience, in discussing 
the merits of stock for California, says: 

For our conditions in general I am convinced that the northern California 
black as a stock for the Persian can not be excelled. It grows 40 to 50 per 
cent faster than the eastern black, has a vegetative season four to six weeks 
longer, is inured to our conditions through ages of natural selection, is one of 
the deepest rooted trees that we have, is a rapid grower, has thus far been 
free from diseases, is exceedingly prolific under the most trying conditions, and 
readily accepts grafts of all strains of the Persian. 1 

Harvey C. Stiles says of Juglans rupestris: 

It is a very handsome tree, well worth growing for its beauty, shade, and 
fruit, but its great value lies in its use as a stock on which to work the Eng- 
lish (properly Persian) varieties. * * * On that root English walnuts are 
succeeding in parts of California and Arizona where they failed utterly on 
their own roots. * * * 

The English walnut is very intolerant of mineral soil salts even at consider- 
able depth and the trees, even after growing well for several years, will die 
back when the roots reach such soil strata. On the other hand, this rupestris 
is found almost only in a natural state on strongly mineralized soils and in hot 
arid regions. 2 

G. A. Schattenberg, 3 writing of the walnut industry in southwestern 
Texas, states that the English walnut on its own root vegetates too 
early in the spring for his region. He says that the future of walnut 
growing in Texas lies in the use of Juglans repestris top-grafted, and 

1 Personal communication. 

2 Stiles, Harvey C. Walnuts in Southwest Texas. Bulletin 2, Texas Dept. of Agri- 
culture, 1908, p. 4?.. 

3 Schattenberg, G. A. The Future of the Walnut Industry in Southwest Texas. Bulle- 
tin 2, Texas Dept. of Agriculture, 1908, p. 42, 

254 



62 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

that a few trees of -/. rwpestris top-grafted with the variety Fran- 
quette have made in eight years a growth of 10 feet and have borne 
in succession four or five crops of fine nuts without irrigation. 

Since the above was written (1007) Mr. Schattenberg finds that 
his Persian walnut grafts on Juglans rwpestris suffered severely in 
recent winters and particularly from autumn frosts. These results 
cast doubt on the opinions previously expressed, and the suggestion 
is here offered to use caution in planting the walnut in localities not 
fully tested. 

F. T. Ramsey, Austin, Tex., says: 

Three or four years ago it occurred to us that English walnuts could ho 
successfully and profitably grown by budding upon our native walnuts. We 
have been over 30 years trying to grow them upon their own roots, but have 
failed to obtain a nut. Four years ago we obtained direct from the woods 
some small trees of our native dwarf walnut, which we call Juglans rupestris, 
and after they had stood a few weeks in the nursery row we budded them. 
The first year we obtained a growth of about 6 inches, but since then they have 
grown from 3 to G feet each year. We now have nearly all of the California 
varieties, besides the Rush, Hall, and Xebo from Pennsylvania. One of these 
trees, Franquette, set a nut last year, but it was accidentally destroyed before 
maturiug. AVe find by " ring budding " that the walnut may be propagated with 
ease. Thus far summer droughts and unexpected frosts have not injured a 
single tree. Our native walnuts vary considerably. Some trees produce a nut 
the size of a small marble, while others produce them half the size of an east- 
ern black. I have been distinguishing these by the names Juglans rupestris 
minor for the small one and ./. rupestris intermedia for the larger one. We 
find that the English buds will grow from two to four times as rapidly upon 
the former as upon the latter during the first year, so far as observed. This 
minor variety often bears a heavy crop while only 3 or 4 feet tall; the best of 
them can hardly be called trees, though some of them reach the height of 20 or 
30 feet. I believe we will find good, profitable walnut orchards growing all over 
the prairies from here to Kansas. 1 

Should the expectations of Mr. Ramsey be realized by half, great 
value will attach to Juglans rupestris stock, but it must be kept in 
mind that these views are based on very limited experiments. 

GROWING Til?: STOCK. 

The nuts for stocks should be selected from robust, vigorous. 
healthy, fruitful trees of the desired species, growing under condi- 
tions that prohibit cross-pollination. After being harvested they 
should be layered or planted "where rodents will not molest, them. 
The method of layering will depend upon the quantity to be handled. 
If the quantity is small, they may be layered in the manner usually 
followed by nurserymen — in flats or shallow boxes easily handled 
by one person. If the quantity is large, lay a plank floor on the 
leeward side of a building with sides 6 or 8 inches high; cover the 

1 Personal correspondence, 1911. 
254 



PROPAGATION. 63 

planks with 2 inches of clean, moist sand, spread a layer of nuts, 
over these an inch more of sand, and continue until all the nuts are 
layered. On the topmost layer of sand place a light covering of 
straw, shavings, or leaves to prevent wash or drift, and over all 
stretch a fine-mesh wire netting to keep out rodents. 

In the spring as soon as sprouts issue from the opening nuts they 
may be taken from the layering bin and planted in the nursery in 
the same manner as though unsprouted. As the young shoots are 
very brittle, extreme care must be exercised in planting; otherwise 
considerable or even irreparable injury results. If the ground about 
the nursery site is free from the depredations of rodents, the nuts 
should be planted at once, in regular nursery rows, upon harvesting 
or receiving them. 

The nursery site should be high, well drained, with an open ex- 
posure and a soil that is deep, friable, and fertile without excess 
of humus. Unless the subsoil is thoroughly porous, the ground 
should be prepared by deep plowing and subsoiling. The rows 
should be 4 feet apart and should lie east and west, so that in the 
operation of budding the buds may be readily inserted on the north 
side. In planting the nuts they are placed about a foot apart in the 
row and 1 to 3 or 4 inches deep, according to the species. The 
small nuts of Juglans rupestris may be planted not more than 1^ 
inches deep, the larger nuts of J. calif ormea and Paradox may be 
safely placed at 2 to 3 inches, and the still larger nuts of •/. nigra 
and Royal at 3 to 4 inches. In planting nuts in the nursery rows 
the first stages of growth of the young trees may be facilitated by 
placing the nuts with their sutures in a vertical plane. As the root 
and shoot both issue from between the opening valves, it is readily 
understood how this may enable the seedling to effect an erect posi- 
tion almost from the moment of its germination, thereby hastening 
its appearance above ground and thus promoting its first stages of 
growth. 

NURSERY TILLAGE. 

Give the young trees such tillage as will insure a fine, powdery, 
surface soil. Care should be exercised at all times to avoid rolling 
clods against the young trees and thus diverting them from an 
erect growth, or by bruising the bark or terminal buds. If grown 
in a good soil thoroughly tilled, 30 to 50 per cent of the seedlings 
will be large enough for crown grafting the following spring. A 
conservative grower would discard the remainder. 

SCIONS. 

The scion wood should be selected with extreme care, as much or 
more than is accorded the selection of the stock. Only the best of 

254 



64 THE PEESIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

trees should be drawn upon for scion wood. Trees that are tainted 
with blight, that are imperfect pollinators or that mature their 
staminate and pistillate blossoms at separate dates, that are indif- 
ferent bearers, that are unthrifty growers, that have a sprawling 
irregular habit, or that are prone to fitful activity in the spring 
should be avoided. From suitable trees take the normal 1-year-old 
wood from the middle more or less erect portion. Under no cir- 
cumstances use suckers, water sprouts, or trailers. Such wood rarely 
produces fruit, and though there is no direct evidence against it, 
the presumption may be advanced that it is not the best for the 
purpose. Scion wood should be one-fourth to three-eighths of an 
inch in diameter, straight, clean, thrifty, plump about the buds, 
tubular not angular, with short internodes and small pith, prefer- 
ably not over a foot long, which is long enough, without using the 
terminal bud, for two or three scions. This statement is not in- 
tended to imply that wood of greater or less length than 1 foot 
is not suitable for grafting but rather that the kind described is 
ideal. Often the later growth of a season is not properly ripened; 
hence the frequent unfitness of terminal buds, especially on growth 
over a foot in length. Scions should be cut during the period of 
dormancy, probably two or three weeks before vegetation begins, 
say February or March, according to location and season. Imme- 
diately after cutting, the cut ends should be dipped into melted 
paraffin© or other tenacious and impervious substance, so that evapo- 
ration from the cut part may not reduce the vitality of the scion. 
After the cut ends are waxed or smeared tie the scions in small 
bundles, wrap with moist moss or vegetable fiber, and put in a cool 
place until needed. Occasional inspection should be made to insure 
against attacks of fungi, such as molds, in case the temperature of 
the receiving space becomes too high. Another method of preserv- 
ing scions practiced in California is as follows: In a box on a layer 
of clean moist sand 2 inches deep place a layer of scions, chink 
between these additional sand, then another layer of scions and more 
sand, and so on until the layers of scions are 2 to 3 inches deep, and 
cover all with 2 inches of sand and set the box away in a cool 
place. Occasionally examine the soil to see that it does not dry 
out and shrivel the buds, and on the other hand avoid moisture 
sufficient to start the buds prematurely. 

TOOLS. 

Perhaps the most important part of grafting is to have first-class 
tools. The knife for preparing stocks and scions, especially in trim- 
ming the cambiums, should be of the best material, so that a sharp 
edge may be constantly maintained. Other tools, such as a splitting 

254 



PROPAGATION. 65 

knife (which may be a heavy long-bladed butcher knife), a shoe- 
maker's knife for nursery grafting, a budding knife of the usual 
form, a double-edged saw, and an oilstone with one face of emery, 
should likewise be of the best material. Additional tools are a 
mallet, two or three small wedges of iron or hard wood, a wax pot 
with a warming device, a walk brush, cotton cloth, twine, bicycle tape, 
and cloth parcel tags. The wedges should be 6 or 7 inches long and 
of different widths to use with branches of varying size. The shape 
of the taper should be such that the edges are thinner than the mid- 
dle. A wedge of such form will keep its position in the cleft and 
may be removed readily at the close of the operation by a slight side- 
wise movement without disturbing the scions. A galvanized-iron 
pail or coal-oil can with the top cut away and four wires stretched 
across, two each way at right angles 8 inches from the bottom, will 
serve as a support for the wax pan. The space below the wires holds 
a gasoline blowtorch, or a fire may be built in the bottom on a layer 
of earth or puddled clay to keep the wax melted. 

GRAFTING. 

The details of methods of grafting by leading propagators differ, 
but not enough to be considered distinct systems. The instructions 
here given are adapted from George C. Payne and R. Wiltz. The 
principles applied to grafting deciduous fruit trees apply to the 
walnut, but the following precautions should be observed: (1) Great 
care must be exercised to have dormant wood for scions; (2) the 
grafting must be done just as the leaf buds of the stock are unfold- 
ing; (3) the cambium of stock and scion must be brought into exact 
contact; (4) the cleft in the stock for the reception of the scion shall 
be clean cut and so made as to grip the tongue of the scion firmly; 
(5) the scion shall be made from carefully selected wood with a 
clean, smooth-cut tongue; and (6) the wound shall be covered with 
adhesive wax or paste impervious to water or air x until the union of 
stock and scion is fully effected. The treatment of the wound neces- 
sitates frequent inspection in order that rewaxing may be done where 
cracking or melting may permit air to reach the cut surface of stock 
or scion. Nothing must be left undone to insure an air-tight graft 
and to prevent evaporation from the scion. 

Numerous modes of grafting and budding have been employed with 
the walnut and among the more successful are cleft, saddle, whip- 
and-tongue grafting; annular, flute, prong, shield, and chip budding. 

1 In the walnut-grafting operations at the Arlington Experimental Farm in the spring 
of 1012, plasticine or modeling clay was used with excellent results. In fact, a larger 
percentage of successful grafts was obtained with plasticine than with wax, as the former 
does not dry and crack like the latter. 

60951°— Bull. 254—13 5 



66 



THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY, 




The time for grafting is just as the trees begin to vegetate, or while 
the leaves are unfolding. If top-working the Persian walnut, it is 
advisable to begin operation somewhat earlier than if grafting the 
black-walnut stock, as the former has a more abundant sap flow dur- 
ing the first few days of vegetative 
activity. It is possible to successfully 
graft the black walnut after the leaves 
have quite fully unfolded, while best 
results with the Persian stock are ob- 
tained by grafting just as the buds 
are fully swollen. The grafting of 
nursery stock is attended with variable 
results. In some years propagators 
are widely successful, during other 
seasons only a few obtain favorable 
results. No satisfactory explanation 
has been made for this uncertainty, 
though most propagators ascribe it 
to seasonal conditions and to lack of 
specific information for the problems 
in hand. The operator should avoid 
bleeding nursery stock by grafting as 
soon as possible after the slipping of 
the bark and discontinue before the 
sap becomes free flowing. Budding 
may be done at any time when the bark will slip readily and 
when well-formed dormant buds can be procured. 

The following directions for 
cleft grafting will apply in all 
essentials to the other modes 
of grafting: Prepare the stock 
which, preferably, should be not 
more than 2 or 3 inches in di- 
ameter, by making a smooth, 
clean-cut surface. In top-work- 
ing old or large trees it is often 
desirable to graft limbs of a di- 
ameter larger than 3 inches, in 
which case additional care must 
be exercised in the operation and 
more scions set in each stock. 
In sawing off the stock use great 
care not to split the bark. If the 
stock to be sawed off is a substantial branch of a full-grown tree the 
same care must be given as in pruning; otherwise back splitting will 

254 



Fig. 1. — Cleft grafting : First posi 
tion of the knife when making i 
cut. 




Fig. 



— Cleft grafting : Second position of 
thi' knife when making a cut. 



PROPAGATION, 



67 



occur, with great inconvenience to the operator and damage to the 
tree. To avoid back splitting, follow the directions for removing 
large branches in priming (p. 83). After the stock is prepared, split 
it along two lines (tigs. 1 
and 2), using care to 
keep the knife in the po- 
sitions shown, so that as it 
is driven into the stock 
it will cut the bark first ; 
if the stock is large, split 
it along four lines (fig. 3). 

After the bark has 
been split li to 2 inches 
deep on both sides of the 
stock, change the knife 
to the third position (fig. 
4) and complete the cleft. 

If a horizontal branch 
is to be grafted make 
the cleft crosswise rather 
than vertical, so that the 
scion may be inserted on 
the side. Scions inserted 
upon the upper face of a 
branch rarely grow, while 
those on the sides do 
quite as well as when 
placed upon vertical 
branches. After remov- 
ing the knife insert a 
small wedge to hold the 
cleft open until the edges 
can be smoothly dressed 
and the scions inserted 
(fig. 3). 

PREPARING THE SCION. 

If the scion wood has 
been properly selected it 
will be an easy matter to 
make two or three suit- 
able two-bud scions from each of the sticks of scion wood. Where 
the wood is not uniformly good, select only that which has little 
pith, strong but not large buds, and firm wood. The lower end of 




Fig. o. — Cleft grafting : Large stock of Persian wal- 
nut split to receive four scions. The clefts are not 
made entirely across the stock ; i. e., each split is 
made from one side only. 



68 



THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 




the scion should be U to 2 inches below the lower bud, the upper 
end one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch above the second bud of the 

scion. The tongue of 
the scion should be 
about 1-|- inches in 
length, of an easy, 
straight taper, and 
with the o u t s i d e 
somewhat thicker 
than the inside (figs. 
5 and f>). In plac- 
ing the scions use 
the utmost care to 

Fig. 4. — Cleft grafting : Third position of the knife when JiftVe the ton°"Ue of 
making a cut. . fe „ 

the scion fit the cleft 
snugly, and so placed that the cut edges of the inner bark of both 
stock and scion come in contact over as long a space as possible. 
On removal of the wedge the cleft will firmly 
grip the scion and safely hold it till the operation 
is complete. The final step is to wrap the stock 
firmly with a cotton band (fig. 7) 3 or -1 inches 
wide and to cover with wax the entire wounded 

surfaces of both 
stock and scions, in- 
cluding all breaks 
in the bark at the 
base of the cleft. If 
the cleft remains 
widely open after 
the wedges are re- 
moved the space 
may be choked with 
old newspaper or 
similar material be- 
fore the stock is 
waxed over. This 
packing should be 
pushed below the 
cut surface of the stock so that waxing 
will leave no breaks whereby air may 
enter. After waxing is complete (fig. 
8) draw over the whole a paper bag 
(fig. 9) and tie it firmly about the 
stock a few inches below the lowest point of the cleft, When the 
scions indicate that union has taken place, the cotton band may be 



a 



Fig. 5. — Cleft graft- 
ing : Scion prepared 
for insertion. 



Fig. 6. — Cleft grafting : a, Scion in- 
serted in the cleft ; h, the com- 
pleted graft wrapped and waxed. 



PROPAGATION. 



69 



cut through at one or two places to prevent restricting the circula- 
tion of sap. The other modes of grafting differ from the above only 
in minor details (figs. 10 and 11). 



CARE OF THE GRAFT. 

It is necessary in grafting and budding that no air reach the cam- 
bium of either scion or stock. Frequent inspection of grafts should 
be made and all pores and cracks rewaxed. 
If the waxing was well done at the start 
and the paper bags carefully adjusted and 
firmly tied it is not likely that much rewax- 
ing Avill be needed. As soon as the grafts 
are nicely started the bags may be broken 
open, preferably on the north side, so that 
light may be admitted. In a few days there- 
after the bags may be entirely removed. 

As soon as the grafts 

are well established 

provision must be 

made for supporting 

them against winds. 

For this p nrpose 

strips of lumber 1 by 

2 inches are firmly 

nailed to the stock in 

such positions as will 

permit of tying the 

young g r o w t h to 

them. As the growth of grafts, especially 

when placed upon large and vigorous stocks. 

is very strong, these supports need to be from 

8 to 12 feet long in order to give the desired 

protection (fig. 12). The grafts should be tied 

with strong soft cord or cloth bands in such a 

way as to prevent rubbing. During this time 

all sprouts nearer the grafts than 2 feet must 
Only in the case of grafts that have failed to 
take should sprouts be allowed to grow near the point of grafting. 
In this case one or two such sprouts may be used for budding, thus 
enabling the operator later in the season to make a second attempt 
at propagation. 

BUDDING. 

Thus far budding has been practiced only by amateurs. More 
or less experimenting Avas done the past decade and few propagators 

254 





Fig. 7.— G rafted stock 
wrapped with a plain or 
waxed cotton band. 



Fig. 8. — Completed cleft 
graft covered with wax. 

be kept pruned off. 



70 



THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 



found it commercially useful, but with the rapid spread of the idea 
that only grafted or budded trees should be planted for orchards 
came a corresponding growth of interest in budding. Several per- 
sons investigating independently within the past two years have pro- 
duced excellent results from carefully selected buds, modifying in 
several respects the methods usually adopted in budding (figs. 13 

and 1-1.) While not san- 
guine enough to publish 
results, some experiment- 
ers believe that we are 
soon to witness a decided 
change in the method of 
budding, which will dis- 
place, especially in nurs- 
ery propagation, the pres- 
ent unsatisfactory prac- 
tice of crown grafting. 
During 1910 less than 20 
per cent of the nursery 
grafts effected successful 
union, and in a few in- 
stances propagators who 
had formerly secured as 
high as 50 to GO per cent 
of unions were rewarded 
with less than 10 per 
cent. The low percent- 
age of "takes," together 
with the heavy expense 
of operation in crown 
grafting, makes it desir- 
able to adopt another 
method. 

To stimulate experi- 
ment along this line, at- 
tention is called to a few points found useful last year. One worker 
found that the use of dormant buds upon the present year's growth 
during July resulted favorably. He adopted the usual method of 
budding, but made the crosscut at the bottom instead of at the top 
of the slit. Another recommends chip budding (fig. 15) , with bicycle 
tape 1 for wrapping material. This operator finds it necessary to 
use buds that are fully dormant, preferably those which have been 




Fig. 9. — Completed cleft graft covered with a stron.i 
paper bag to protect it from evaporation. This haf 
should be removed when tlie scions have made con 
siderable growth. 



1 Bicycle tape gave very unsatisfactory results in budding operations at the Arlington 
Experimental Farm in 1012. 
254 



PROPAGATION. 



71 



kept in cold storage, but if such buds are not available, then use 
secondary or tertiary buds formed early on the present season's 
growth. Some propagators recommend plate budding (fig. 10), and 
exhibit highly satisfactory 
work done by this method. 
One propagator working by 
this method selects stocks 1 to 
1^ inches or even larger in di- 
ameter and takes buds from 
stocks, shoots, or branches that 
are one-half to three-fourths of 
an inch in diameter. He rec- 
ommends that the operation be 
performed as late as possible 
to get a good flow of sap when 
the weather is cooler (an im- 
portant factor) ; growth for 
the season is about completed, 
and the wrapping used may re- 
main on all winter. Prong bud- 
ding (fig. IT) was highly rec- 
ommended by the late B. M. 
Lelong, of California, and is 
strongly indorsed by a few 
skillful workers on the Pacific 
coast. In all these instances 
the prime requisite appears to 
be the dormancy of the bud 
followed by close wrapping 
and sealing to protect the 
wound from the air. 

Recently E. J. Kraus, 1 of 
the Oregon Experiment Sta- 
tion, as a result of extensive 
experiments in budding the 
walnut, states in substance 
that the method of budding- 
consists in the combination of 
the old principles adapted to 
new subjects and conditions. 
By this method with good buds, 1-year-old seedlings, and the exer- 
cise of ordinary care, 70 to 90 per cent of the buds should take and 
form satisfactory trees. 




[<;. 10.— Modified wedge grafting: a, Stock 
with wedge removed ; b, wedge to be dis- 
carded ; c, scion with lower end shaped to 
replace discarded wedge ; (/, scion fitted into 
stock and wrapped with cotton twine; 
c. completed graft with wax covering. 



1 Circular 16, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, 1911, p. 3 



72 



THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY, 



Briefly stated, Kraus's instructions for accomplishing such results 
in Oregon are as folloAvs: 

The best stock was the California black ; the hybrids were found to be not 
dependable; buds of the present season's growth were found to be unsatis- 
factory for several reasons; plump buds 1 year old were found best. These 
may be taken from the base of the current year's growth or from scion wood 

cut during the winter and kept fully 
dormant. Such bud wood should be placed 
in moist sand about two weeks before 
budding is to be done. The T and inverted 
T methods were found unsatisfactory, and 
the hinge and flute bud were used. Special 
care is needed in the wrapping and waxing 
to see that it is pressed firmly against the 
wood of the stock and that the air is 
excluded ; tie the buds into place with raffia, 
then cover with waxed cloth; if budding 
is done in hot weather it is desirable to tie 
a paper sack over the bud for protection; 
in about 10 days remove the wax and this 
outer protection ; about a week later cut 
the raffia band ; use care to see that the 
raffia is neither left too long on fast- 
growing stocks or cut before the bud has 
united firmly. 

The following details as to the 
method of hinge budding and push- 
ing the bud under protection are dis- 
tinctly different from those given by 
the older authors: 

Muling the bud. — About 1 inch above 
the surface of the soil make a transverse 
incision about half an inch long, and a 
similar one about three-fourths of an inch 
above this. Connect the two with a longi- 
tudinal incision. This forms the completed 
I cut on the stock. It is very desirable 
to use extra care in making these cuts. 
The ideal condition is to merely penetrate 
the bark just to the wood but not to cut 
into it. The bud, which is rectangular and 
of exactly the same length as the distance 
between the two transverse cuts on the stock, is removed from the bud stick by 
first making two transverse cuts the proper distance apart to give the correct 
length to the bud, and then connecting these with two longitudinal cuts about 
half an inch apart. The bud is then easily removed by gently inserting tin- 
back of the knife blade under one comer of the piece of bark and prying up. 
when it will be found that it will readily part from the bud stick. No wood 
should be removed with the bud and care should be taken when the bud proper 
is extra large to avoid pulling the soft wood or core out of it. It may be 
necessary in such a case to first loosen the bark containing the bud on one 
side up to the bud proper, then carefully cut this soft core with a knife, and 
254 




Fig. 11. — Modified whip grafting: 

a, Stock prepared to receive scion ; 

b, scion with lower end shaped to 
tit into stock as prepared ; c, scion 
fitted and held in place by twine 
wrapping and protected by wax 
covering. 



PROPACxATION. 



73 



the remainder of the bud piece may he easily removed. As soon as the bud is 
removed from the bud stick it should be immediately inserted into the stock. 
This is readily accomplished by first carefully turning back the upper corners 
of the I-shaped cup, slightly prying them away from the wood, then inserting 
the base of the bud into the opening, pushing it down until the top and bottom 
of the bud are flush with the transverse cuts on the stock, and the bud lies 
smoothly and snugly 
against the latter. By 
making the bud force its 
own passage under the 
bark of the stock after 
tins manner there is much 
less exposure to the air 
than if the sides of the 
cut are first turned back 
and the bud then laid in 
place. The bud is now 
ready for tying and wax- 
ing as explained below. 

Starting the bud into 
growth. — If the budding 
has been done in June 
or earlier and the buds 
are to be started into 
growth the same year, the 
trees should be headed 
off at the time the raffia 
is removed, about 15 
days after the budding. 
Cut off the stock about 
li to 2 inches above the 
bud; allowing the top 
to remain attached at 
one side by a small piece 
of wood or bark. These 
lops should then be 
broken over and laid 
overlapping each other 
in the row, thus provid- 
ing shade to the buds 
and aiding in the carry- 
ing off of excess sap 
and preventing to a con- 
siderable degree an ex- 
cessive sprouting from 
the root. In about two 
weeks the scion bud will have started into active growth. The top of the 
stock should then be removed entirely, close to the bud. In sections subject 
to high winds the young shoots should be staked. See that all buds and shoots 
from the stock are taken off, as they are a material drain on the reserve food 
supply in the stock. 

If the budding has been done late in the season so that the trees can not be 
headed back before August 1, such heading back had best lie deferred until 
the following spring just about the time that growth starts. There is some 

254 




Pig. 12. — Stays applied to a top-worked walnut tree to pre- 
vent the growing grafts from being blown away or broken 
off by their own weight. (Photographed by J. B. Neff.) 



74 



THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 



danger of the buds being killed during the winter or injured by excessive wet 
weather. It is therefore preferable in such cases to put the buds somewhat 
higher on the stock than when the trees are to be headed back in June or July. 
Trees coming from stock headed back about the middle of June to the first 
week in July will make from 14 to 20 inches' growth the same season and usually 
mature thoroughly, so (here is no danger of killing back during the winter. 
Such young trees could be put on the market the winter following the budding. 

Trees from stock that has been headed 
back in the spring will make a straight 
growth of 5 to 7 feet during the season. 

WAXES. 

The following recipes for waxes 
are substantially from the several 
propagators cited : 

Beeswax 1 pound, rosin 5 pounds, 
flaxseed 1 pint, lampblack 1 ounce; melt 
the mixture. The object is to get a wax 
that is soft enough to be pliable with- 
out running; a little practice will soou 
show whether the wax needs more or 
less oil.—-/. B. Neff. 

Rosin 4 parts, beeswax 2 parts, tal- 
low 1 part. Cut the materials up into 
small pieces, mix well, and boil for 
several minutes. Dip the hands in lin- 
seed oil before using this wax. — WrigJit, 
a Texas grower. 

Unseed oil lh pounds, beeswax 1* 

pounds, rosin !) pounds; or, linseed oil 

1 pound, beeswax 2 pounds, rosin 9 

pounds. Tallow would answer in place 

of the oil, but the oil is better. Heat 

over a slow lire until all materials are 

fully melted and unified, but do not 

boil.— R. Wilts:: 

Rosin 5 pounds, beeswax 1 pound, finely pulverized charcoal one-half pound. 

raw linseed oil 1 gill. Melt the rosin and beeswax over a slow fire, then stir 

in the charcoal, add the oil, and pour into pans that have been previously 

oiled with linseed oil so that the wax will not stick. — (!. C. Payne. 




Via. 13. — Budding 
slip process : a, 
the bud stick ; 
moval. 



by the T, shield, or 
Cutting the bud from 
b, the bud after re- 



PLANTING, TRAINING, AND PRUNING. 

The leading problem with every orchard ist is. What are the best 
varieties to plant? While preferred varieties may be indicated, 
selection in each instance must depend upon the judgment of the 
individual. Upon this point some light may be shed by the remark 
of one of California's foremost students of the walnut. When 
asked, "What varieties are best for me to plant? " he said: "I do 
not know. If you will come to my home I will show you what T 

254 



PLANTING, TRAINING, AND PRUNING. 



75 



have done, give you the whole story, and then you can draw your 
own conclusions." Those who contemplate planting walnut orchards 
will do well to visit the successful growers of the district where they 
contemplate planting. Within tentative boundaries the types that 
have given and prom- 
ise to give the most 
favorable and certain 
returns are here indi- 
cated. 

For the southern 
California region the 
six blight - resistant 
varieties suggested 
by the University of 
California: 1 Chase, 
Concord. Eureka, 
Franquette, Mayette, 
and Wiltz, though 
the Franquette is af- 
fected by blight in 
some districts. The 
Franquette and May- 
ette have been tried 
to a limited extent in 
southern California 
but so far as reported 
with rather indiffer- 
ent results. 

For northern Cali- 
fornia : Concord, 
Franquette, Mayette, 
Meylan, Wiltz, and 
possibly Parisienne 
and Treyve, though 
Mr. Hitchinson, the 
only grower of 
Treyve, reports that 
it is late in coming- into bearing and yields light crops — two serious 
faults. The Eureka is also urged by some observers as especially 
worthy of trial in this district. 

For western Oregon and Washington : Franquette and Mayette 
are the only varieties yet given extended trial, but Concord, Meylan, 
Parisienne, Treyve, and Wiltz are well worth general testing in an 




Fig. 14. — Steps in the process of T, shield, or slip budding: 
a, Stock with inverted T-shaped slits in bark prepared to 
receive bud ; b, same with bud being slipped into place ; 
c, bud in place ready to be wrapped ; <1, bud showing 
through cut in wrapper when process is complete. 



1 Bulletin 203, California Agricultural Experiment Station. 



76 



THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY, 



experimental way. Of Concord. Groner says: "This variety is too 

late for our environment. " 

For the Eastern States: Only one variety, the Pomeroy, has been 
generally disseminated. As a seedling it has 
been given a thorough trial. It is apparently 
suited to the climate of the more favorable 
sections of the Eastern States and will un- 
doubtedly 3 T ield a more uniform product and 
better results when worked upon the eastern 
black walnut. The Xebo and Rush varieties, 
recent introductions which promise well, are 
being worked on native stock, and are the 
only eastern varieties of which grafted trees 
arc offered for sale at present, though others 
will probably be offered in 1913. A few other 
varieties give promise of meeting local re- 
quirements for a hardy, productive, market- 
able nut of fair quality, notably Cumberland, 
Holden, Milbank, Mount, and Sinclair. Trees 
of the Bijou type have proved in several 
instances to be hardy and good croppers, but 
the nut. though suitable for home use, is not 
considered of commercial importance. It is 
expected that experiments under way will in a 
short time demonstrate the fitness of some of 
the hardier European strains, particularly 
when top-worked upon the native black walnut. 

POLLINATION. 



Before deciding what varieties to plant, 
ample pollination must be assured, as otherwise 
generous crops can not be produced. The wal- 
nut normally produces two kinds of blossoms: 
The staminate, commonly spoken of as the cat- 
kins, and the pistillate, usually called nutlets 
(fig. 18, a and b). This arrangement of the 
sex organs on two separate parts of the 
plant, together with the peculiar structure of 
the flower, necessitates the employment of an 
outside agency — the wind — to insure pollina- 
tion. The staminate blossoms, when open, are 
L9, a) and heavily charged with dustlike pollen 
acs (the anthers) and blown upon the stigmas 
<I), thereby effecting fertilization. Not infre- 




Pig. 15. — Steps in the proc- 
ess of chip budding : a, 
Bud slick willi bud partly 
removed; h, stock with 
bud removed and dis- 
carded, ready to receive 
new bud ; c, now chip 
bud from bud stick in 
place on stock 
wrapped as it 
when operation 
plete. 



il, lmd 
appears 

is eom- 



much expanded (fig 
released from little s 
of the pistils (fig. 18 

254 



PLANTING, TRAINING, AND PRUNING. 



77 



quently these two kinds of blossoms (staminate and pistillate) do 
not mature at the same time upon the same tree, or one or the other 
of them is infertile because of imperfect development ; such tree, if 
by itself, is unpro- 
ductive. The Los 
Angeles or Mission 
walnut, when plant- 
ed in the northwest- 
ern Pacific region, 
persistently fails to 
fruit for one or 
other of these rea- 
sons, though occa- 
sionally failure is 
chargeable to late 
frosts. 

To insure com- 
plete fertilization 
care should be ex- 
ercised in the selec- 
tion of varieties. 
Where little definite 
information about 
pollination and fer- 
tilization is avail- 
able it is safe to 
plant two or more 
varieties which blos- 
som at the same 
time. In some in- 
stances of shy bear- 
ing it may be de- 
sirable to introduce 
a variety rich in 
pollen, regardless of 
the character of its 
nuts, in order to 
amply fertilize the 
blossoms of the 
more valuable va- 
rieties. To insure 
effective pollination 
one tree in seven when planted in quincunx and one in six when 
planted in squares is deemed sufficient, except possibly where prevail- 
ing winds are strong and persistent from one direction. Many 

254 




Fig. 1G. — Plate or partial ring buckling : a, Bud stick showing 
bud marked for removal by special tool used for the pur- 
pose ; b, stock with patch of bark removed and discarded 
ready to receive new bud ; c, new bud in place and wrapped 
with raffia, completing the process. 



78 



THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 



American growers are of the opinion that future orchardists will make 
provision for insuring a high percentage of fertilization by mixing 
varieties. Until ample investigation has been made it is safe to plant 
only varieties of known value as pollinizers, leaving the work of 
testing varieties not so well known to the State or Nation, except as 
the enthusiastic amateur finds it advantageous to make trials of 
promising new varieties. 

So far as recorded by American growers only two varieties, the 
Santa Barbara and the Franquette, have been planted in pure stands 
of any considerable area. With these two varieties crop shortage 
appears not to be due to insufficient pollination, but no definite 
experiments have been performed to ascertain whether better re- 
sults might be obtained if opportunity for cross-pollination were 
afforded. California growers after many j^ears of experience con- 
sider the crop better in 
those orchards where more 
than one variety is grown. 
In the case of the Santa 
Barbara the type, vigor, 
and individuality of the 
trees vary as Avidely as 
several different varieties 
ordinarily do, insuring 
nearly as active cross- 
pollination. Briefly, then, 
it may be stated that while 
good crops may be secured 
from tracts planted to 
single varieties, especially 
if free blossoming with 
catkins and nutlets at the 
same time, progressive 
growers advise mixed 
plantings of two or three varieties of similar merit, keeping in view 
that they should be equally well adapted to the location and blossom 
at the same time in order to insure effective pollination. 




Fl( 



17. — First and last steps in the process of 
prong budding or prong grafting. 



PLANTING. 



The walnut is planted as early in spring as the soil permits, care 
being exercised to avoid puddling when the ground is too wet. The 
distance between trees varies from 40 to (50 feet each way, requiring 
12 to 27 trees to the acre. Some growers recommend planting trees 
in the center of the squares made by the first alignment, such trees 
to be removed as soon as those in the regular rows require the space 
for their development. It is asserted that the increase of product, 



PLANTING, TRAINING, AND PRUNING. 



79 



if grafted trees are planted, will pay a liberal profit upon the addi- 
tional cost involved in the purchase and planting of the extra trees. 





Fig. 18. — Young shoot of Tersian walnut with a piece of the previous year's growth, 
showing staminate and pistillate flowers in situ : a-, Pistillate flowers ; b, the same 
enlarged ; c, staminate flowers ; d, portion of same enlarged. 

Only deep, rich, well-watered soil should be used for growing a wal- 
nut orchard, and the filler trees should be removed as soon as the 
regular trees are 16 to 20 years old. • 

254 



80 



THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 



Formerly much difference of opinion existed as to the age at which 
trees should be transplanted from the nursery, but recent practice 
favors 1-year-old trees that have been grafted on stocks 1 or 2 years 
old. Such trees average -14 to 6 feet in height and an inch, more or 
less, in diameter 1 foot above the union of the stock and scion and may 
be taken from the nursery with a larger root system than when older. 
Since trees at this age will be unbranched, the grower will be able to 

adjust the branches 
that form the head 
to much greater 
advantage than if 
transplanting is de- 
layed until after 
branches have 
formed in the nurs- 
ery. The walnut 
does not suffer so 
much from mal- 
formed heads as 
some other decidu- 
ous orchard trees, 
but a well-formed 
head is desirable if 
vigorous and long- 
lived trees are to be 
grown. 

The details of 
planting are quite 
the same as for 
other orchard trees. 
Keep the roots 
from air as much 
as possible between 
nursery and or- 
chard. Prune off 
all bruised and 
broken roots with 
a clean, smooth, oblique cut. If possible to obtain trees from the 
nursery in the autumn preceding planting, root pruning may then be 
done advantageously before the trees are heeled in. and the wounds 
will be callused before planting time. The growth of the new rootlets 
can then proceed more quickly at the opening of the season. In recent 
years much discussion has arisen over the importance of the taproot. 
It is safe to say that healthy vigorous trees with a good supply of 
lateral roots and a short piece of taproot will make as good develop- 
ment as one with a longer taproot. The removal of the taproot is not 

254 




Fig. 10. — Sexual organs of the Persian walnut : a, Matured 
catkin: b, fertilized, unblighted nutlets; c, blighted nutlets 
of the same age. 



PLANTING, TRAINING, AND PRUNING. 



81 



prohibitive of the success of transplanted trees, especially if they are 
not more than 2 years of age. 

TRAINING. 

The subsequent treatment of the young- tree will depend upon the 
end to be attained. If the head is to be formed high the tree must 
not be cut back, but must be supported in an erect position by a tall, 
strong stake 2 by 3 inches in cross section and 8 feet long (fig. 20). 
If it is decided to form a 
low head the top may be 
cut back to 4 or 5 feet and 
a short stake driven to 
hold the stock upright 
until the branches are well 
formed and the trunk of 
sufficient strength to sup- 
port the head. "When the 
young branches have is- 
sued a few inches the trees 
should be examined and 
only those shoots permit- 
ted to grow that will help 
to form a strong, symmet- 
rical head. The young 
main branches allowed to 
grow should issue 9 to 12 
inches apart on the trunk 
and be so supported, if need 
be, that they will grow 
obliquely upward. After 
the 3 or 4 main branches 
have become fixed in the 
desired positions little re- 
mains to be done in train 
ing or pruning except to 
remove the s p r a w ling 
growth from the lower 
side of the outspreading branches and such wood as threatens to 
rub, interlace, or unduly crowd (fig. 21). 

In sections where the summer heat is not too intense the walnut 
should be pruned to present an open, spreading head, facilitating the 
formation of bearing wood throughout the top rather than on the 
outer portions, as is usual with dense heads. Where the summer tem- 
perature rises to 110° or higher it is necessary to train close or 
dense heads to protect the nuts from sunburn, which darkens the 
kernel and lessens the market value. 
( 10! 151°— Bull. 254—13 G 




Fig. 20. — Young walnut tree staked and tied — a ge: 
eral practice with high-headed trees in Oregon. 



82 



THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 



It was formerly the practice to head the trees G to 9 feet high, but 
now many start the heads at 4 to 5 feet. In pruning and training 
during the first few years this lowness of branching is of consider- 
able advantage. The fact that the walnut tree is wide spreading has 
led many to suppose it necessary to head high in order to facilitate 
tillage and harvesting beneath the branches. By proper training the 

head may be started 
low and the branches 
still be kept well out 
of the way. (See 
frontispiece.) 

Low spreading 
branches and close 
heads favor blight, 
while h i g h ope n 
heads permit free 
circulation of air 
and penetration of 
sunlight which are 
unfavorable to the 
develop m e n t of 
blight Low head- 
ing at 4 to 5 feet 
does not necessarily 
imply that the tops 
shall be low. They 
may be quite as high 
and open as though 
the heads were 
started at 7 to 9 feet 
from the ground. In 
the first instance 
pruning, forming the 
head, and training 
the branches can be 
performed more ef- 
fectively, with a sav- 
ing of both time and labor. The importance of the proper structure 
of the head does not usually appear until heavily laden mature trees 
are wrecked by an autumn storm. 

Little pruning and less training has been done in the past, but 
more attention is now given to these matters. Growers are studying 
the young trees in newly planted orchards and are debating how to 
stimulate growth, increase the yield, and lessen the effects of blight 

254 




'□pruned Persian walnut tree with 
dance of trailers. 



in abun- 



PLANTING, TRAINING, AND PRUNING. 83 

by judicious pruning. Specific treatments are being tested, such as 
thinning out the centers of the tops, lifting the outspreading portion 
of the head by pruning off the lower limbs, and in some instances 
removing lateral branches, all insuring the tree more light and air. 
and a better distribution of bearing wood. 

As the area of cultivation becomes extended and the varieties under 
cultivation are augmented by the addition of types developed to meet 
local conditions, which are practically numberless, it is certain that 
extended and varied practices in pruning and training will be 
evolved. 

PRUNING. 

The walnut actually requires very little pruning. Root pruning 
and cutting back attendant upon planting have been referred to 
under training; such other pruning as is found necessary or desirable 
to keep the tree in form for the best results should be done during 
the resting period and at least two or three weeks before the start- 
ing of the sap in spring, so as to permit the wounds to become dry 
and to prevent bleeding and a tardy healing of the wound. If close 
attention is accorded the tree in all matters pertaining to its proper 
training it will rarely be found necessary to remove other than small 
branches. Should it become imperative through accident, oversight, 
or other contingency to take off a large branch, care should be ex- 
ercised to prevent the splitting or tearing of the part remaining. 

The removal of a large limb may be best effected by cutting it off 
in sections. In order to prevent back splitting, bruising, or crush- 
ing make a deep saw cut on the under side of the limb some distance 
out, then upon cutting into it from the upper side a few inches farther 
out the limb will break short off. Another operation will dispose of 
the stub and leave a clean-cut surface close to the main body. In any 
event make the final cut so that no projecting stub is left. 

Upon the removal of any branch over an inch in diameter cover 
the wounded surface with quick-drying adhesive paint, such as a 
good quality of white lead and linseed oil, in order to keep the sur- 
face dry and prevent the attacks of fungi. This paint will be of 
greater efficacy if the wound is first brushed with a strong solution 
of one part of copper sulphate to three parts of water. From time 
to time go over the orchard with a paint pot and brush and renew 
the covering on these wounds to prevent fungi from obtaining a foot- 
hold. 

During the first few years of growth of the walnut it is prone to 
develop many drooping shoots from the lower branches. These are 
often used for bud or scion wood, but the practice is to be deprecated. 
Such shoots rarely if ever bear on the parent tree and it is possible 



84 



THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY, 



that the continued use of such wood may induce a habit of drooping 
growth and transmit barrenness. Until investigation definitely dis- 
proves the idea it is safe to avoid such practice. 

CULTIVATION OF THE ORCHARD. 

Clean tillage is the almost universal practice, except as to cover 
and truck crops. Cover crops are coming into general use for blanket 
and humus purposes and truck crops are grown among young trees. 
In the large orchards of southern California where clean tillage has 
been practiced 15 or 20 years the soils are becoming less tractable 
because although tons of leaves fall upon the ground in the autumn 
only a small proportion of them become incorporated with the soil. 
They blow away from the smooth surface of the orchard floor into 

ditches, fence rows, 
and hedges and are 
largely lost to the 
orchard area. Cover 
crops are useful to 
hold these leaves in 
place as well as to 
furnish humus and 
to prevent w a s h 
from winter rains. 
With cover crops, 
the first operation 
in the spring is to 

Fir,. 22. — A harrow used by California cultivators to produce plow under SUch 
the dust mulch much employed in the groves of that State. . , - 

crops to a depth ot 
6 or 7 inches. This operation may be followed at once with a spike 
or spring tooth harrow and then with a roller or clod masher if the 
condition of the soil demands it. This first or spring preparation 
of the soil should be followed by frequent scanfyings, once every 
10 days or 2 weeks, to kill weeds and to convert the surface into 
a dust mulch to better conserve the water supply. These operations 
are usually performed by riding cultivators with broad-winged 
shovels or with an implement known in California as a scarifier, 
having broad blades set obliquely to the line of draft, each one 
partly overlapping the course of the one ahead of it (fig. 22). From 
years of experience many of the large California growers in districts 
where the annual rainfall is over 24 inches are convinced that it i^ 
better to maintain a thorough dust mulch throughout the growing 
season than to irrigate, though frequently one application of water 
about two weeks before the nuts begin to fall is of service in causing 
them to separate more readily from the hulls. 

254 




CULTIVATION OF THE ORCHARD. 85 

IRRIGATION. 

The details of irrigation are much the same as for orchards of 
other deciduous trees. The site, soil, location, and season are in each 
instance governing factors. Present irrigation of the walnut is con- 
fined to the section of California south of Ventura and to the interior 
valleys. The furrow system is generally used in orchards where 
the soil is heavy and the basin system where the soils are light. In 
districts where a mild climate will permit and the soil is deep and 
retentive, winter irrigation may be practiced with decided benefit. 1 
Where the rainfall is 17 to 23 inches two applications of water are 
advised, one in February and one in May. In very dry seasons a 
third application before harvesting is desirable to prevent the hulls 
clinging to the shells. Possibly the machine huller will be more 
economical than an application of water. 

COVER CROPS. 

Some years ago several growers in southern California noted 
that the nuts from the older orchards were averaging smaller, one 
year with another, than those from young trees. Experiments with 
a few trees and in one instance with a large orchard, that of John F. 
More, of Goleta, showed frequent applications of cover crops to be of 
decided benefit to old orchards. It is becoming apparent to owners 
that provision must be made to supply plant food to the soil if the 
trees are to maintain the crop standard in quality and quantity. 

The selection of a cover crop will depend upon the location. Mr. 
More found barley and volunteer plants sufficient ; others find it 
desirable to use some leguminous plant to obtain nitrogen. In the 
Pacific Northwest vetches will probably give the best returns. If 
the land is well supplied with nitrogen and needs only humus and a 
protection from beating rains or wash, then any of the winter-grow- 
ing crops like mustard, wheat, rye, or winter oats will serve the 
purpose. In parts of California vetches, winter and hairy, fenu- 
greek, Canada field peas, bur clover, sweet clover, and volunteer 
plants such as alfilaria, mustard, and others are available. 

As to the expense and management of cover crops the following 
by Samuel Fortier 2 is especially pertinent: 

In the walnut groves of Orange County, Cal., bur clover is sown in the fall. 
given one or two irrigations during the winter if the rainfall is below the 
normal, and plowed under in April. 

The cost of such cover crops as peas, vetch, or clover includes the seed, the 
labor of sowing it, the water, and the time required to apply it. These items. 
according to Dr. S. S. Twombly, of Fullerton, Cal., amount to $2.50 to $3.25 
per acre. Twenty tons per acre of green material is perhaps an average crop. 
In this tonnage there would be about 1G0 pounds of nitrogen, which at 20 cents 
poi' pound represents a value of $.".2 per acre for a cover crop like vetch. 

1 Irrigation of Orchards. Farmers' Bulletin 404, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 1910. 

2 Idem, p. 35. 

254 



86 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

FERTILIZERS. 

The question of fertilizers for the walnut orchard is one that lias 
not yet attracted wide attention. In recent years owners of old 
orchards have found some form of manure necessary to insure 
thrifty growth and a substantial crop. "While cover crops are de- 
sirable and serve to ameliorate and improve the soil and increase 
its fertility, something more appears to be needed in soils long 
covered with bearing orchards. 

In France, where the problem is of long standing, Fallot cites 
Eouault's formula 1 as approximating its own calculations for a 
chemical fertilizer suitable for walnut culture, as follows: 

Nitrate of soda containing 15 per cent of nitrogen, 78 pounds; 
superphosphate containing 12 per cent of phosphoric acid. 16 pounds; 
and chlorid of potassium containing 48 per cent of potash, 6 pounds; 
total, 100 pounds. 

In the article cited M. Rouault ' says : 

Now, are not these three substances most appropriate to the soils and to the 
needs of vegetation? Would it not be an advantage also to adopt a manure 
mixed of farm manure and chemical substances ill a manner to give it a com- 
position approaching that which I have indicated? 

After making numerous analyses of the walnut and an extended 
study of the soils of France, Fallot 2 states: 

The walnut is rich in nitrogen and contains considerable proportions of phos- 
phoric acid and potash. In regions where intensive culture has been adopted it 
will be an advantage to use fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and 
potash in proportions varying with the needs of the tree; that is, depending on 
the quantities of fertilizing elements which the tree removes from the soil and 
does not restore. As regards the walnut, the fruit alone takes out these ele- 
ments; one can neglect the small proportions remaining in the wood, and the 
leaves in general return to the soil either directly or after having been utilized 
as litter. 

While Fallot says that the French walnut is especially rich in 
nitrogen and makes the composition of the whole nut nitrogen 2.60 
pounds, phosphoric acid 0.75 pound, potassium 0.79 pound, analyses 
by G. E. Colby, of the University of California, give nitrogen 0.51 
pound, phosphoric acid 0.15 pound, potassium 0.82 pound and show it 
rich in potash rather than in nitrogen. 

The problem of fertilizers is complex. It is no longer held to be 
simply a matter of returning to the soil what, the crop takes out, 
or of supplying those substances that analysis shows to be wanting 
in the soil. A half score of other factors as important as these 
enter into the problem of how to feed the orchard. A knowledge 
of the composition of soil and crop is valuable, and even more so 

1 Rouault, M. P. Le noyer, recherches destines a guider dans la composition des 
engrais qu'on hu destine. Grenoble, 1891. [Cited by R. Fallot. 1 
-Fallot. B. Culture du noyer. Journal d'Agriculture Pratique, t. 2, 1898, pp. 348^349. 

254 



CULTIVATION OF THE ORCHARD. 87 

are data pertaining to the physical conditions of the soil, its texture, 
component parts, aeration, drainage, humus and water content, bio- 
logical factors, and the health, vigor, and yield of the plants growing 
thereon. 

Nothing short of practical trials of fertilizer materials will deter- 
mine just what the needs of an orchard are. While cover crops 
perform excellent service in several ways, they must be supple- 
mented in the older orchards with phosphoric acid, potassium, and 
possibly lime. As a result of extended work upon California soils, 
Dr. Hilgard advises that it will be safest to begin with phosphate; 
if unsatisfactory, apply nitrogen; and if anything further is needed, 
use potash. 

Each orchardist must solve his own problem by varying the treat- 
•ment to meet the different soil conditions. Granting that the soil 
conditions are of average adaptability to the walnut, specific require- 
ments are a generous supply of humus, available nitrogen, phosphoric 
acid, and potassium, with ample aeration and biological activity. 
Cover crops supplemented by mineral fertilizers are usually most, 
economical. Advice may be sought of the chemist of the State 
experiment station, and it is desirable to consult the experience and 
studies of station experts upon the various phases of orcharding. 

As a series of first trials, it is suggested that one part of the 
orchard to include its various soil types be planted with a cover crop 
of legumes and another part with nonlegumes. On parts of each 
of these areas soon after growth has started use different minerals 
or mixtures, preferably plowed under or disked in with the cover 
crop. For example, about each of several trees, say from 12 to 20 
years of age, use 5 to 15 pounds of superphosphate and about each 
of several others twice the amount. On another part of each cover 
crop area, leaving at least two trees between the different trial 
groups, give several more trees twice as much superphosphate. About 
trees of another group put 4 to 12 pounds of sulphate of potassium 
and about the trees in yet another group 8 to 20 pounds. To other 
groups supply a mixture of the two substances in the above pro- 
portions. Such tests varied by years or pursued more than one year 
should afford results of much value to the orchardist. 

Ralph McNees, of Whittier, Cal., in a letter reporting his experi- 
ence, says : 

My grove is located upon very deep, rich, dark clay soil. Until recently I have 
been able to secure enough stable manure to give my orchard a good dressing 
each year, which, with a crop of bur clover to turn under each year, has kept 
up the fertility of the soil and supplied the necessary humus without having 
to resort to the use of chemical fertilizers. Recently it has become difficult to 
secure sufficient stable manure, and I have depended upon the nitrogen-gathering 
cover crop to supply the necessary nitrogen and to bring up the potash with 
which our soils appear to be well supplied. In addition, I have added about 

254 



88 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

one-half ton of superphosphate ]ter acre. At the same time 1 have used ail the 
stable manure that I could readily procure. My crop varies but little from j ear- 
to year, and orchards that were alternate bearers before are now under this 
treatment annual bearers. My aim with this treatment is to keep the tree 
vigorous and making good annual growth; this insures regular bearing and 
good crops. A fellow grower has accomplished the same or even better results 
by growing an annual crop of vetch, and after irrigating it by the furrow system 
whenever necessary to insure a full crop plows it under in July. Of course the 
character of the soil, the number and age of trees per acre, cultivation, and 
irrigation will all tend to influence the yield. But two conditions are evident 
in the vetch treatment: First, an increased amount of available nitrogen; 
second, a largely increased humus content ; both of which are important factors 
in walnut growing. 

INTERCROPS. 

Should an intercrop like beans be grown, a not uncommon practice 
in parts of southern California while the trees are young, returns 
from such crop may be expected to net $20 to $50 per acre, while the 
straw and chaff are returned to the soil as fertilizer. In some sections 
tomatoes, cabbage, squash, melons, and similar crops are grown 
among the trees during the first few years. Potatoes, beets, and 
similiar root crops attract gophers, which eat the young roots of the 
trees and do much damage. The returns from intercrops vary, but 
approximate the returns from the bean crop under like conditions. 
Under exceptional local or seasonal conditions the income from the 
melon or tomato crop may be materially larger, and in an exception- 
ally poor year the returns from the intercrop may be nothing at all. 

It must be kept in mind that the intercrop is taken off merely as 
a loan upon soil resources that properly belong to the orchard and 
that if too long or intensively continued the practice may work to 
the disadvantage of the trees. If the intercrop must be grown 
restitution may be made by cover crops and fertilizers. 

FILLERS. 

Fillers are sometimes used instead of intercrops to occupy the soil 
more completely during the earlier years. The practice involves extra 
outlay, but may yield a corresponding revenue. The filler crop varies 
with the district. In California it may be peaches, plums, prunes, 
oranges, or lemons; in Oregon, prunes, early-bearing apples, or cher- 
ries. It is seriously debatable whether on the whole it is not better 
to avoid the use of fillers entirely, though much depends upon the 
individuality of the orchardist. Within bounds fillers may be em- 
ployed to advantage, but if allowed to prejudice the normal develop- 
ment of the main crop they become an injury not compensated by 
the income which induces its employment. Not only do fillers require 
the care and attention of the cultivator at the same time that they are 
needed by the main crop, but they draw heavily upon the food and 
water resources of the soil as they become older. With the owner's 

264 



PESTS AND DISEASES. 89 

interest temporarily occupied with the crop that brings the earlier 
returns it frequently occurs that he overlooks the fact that the main 
crop, though yielding little or no revenue, requires to be supplied 
with ample food, water, sunlight, and air, all of which are being 
taken from them by the activities of the filler crop. If fillers must 
be utilized let it not be forgotten that additional food and water 
supplies must be provided if the principal and the secondary crop 
are both to succeed. 

PESTS AND DISEASES. 

BLIGHT. 

The walnut serves as host to several insects and a few fungi, but 
the records indicate that few of them are serious foes to the tree or 
its fruit. Among those that do considerable damage year by year, 
blight or bacteriosis is most destructive. The bacterium causing this 
disease was discovered and named Pseudorrionas juglandis by New- 
ton B. Pierce, formerly of the Department of Agriculture, while con- 
ducting research investigations in plant pathology in southern Cali- 
fornia in 1896. For a few years prior to that date, and even since 
its discovery, this organism had been a menace to the walnut indus- 
try, particularly of this southern district. At present, evidence of 
the blight is found in nearly all localities of the Pacific coast. Avhere 
the walnut is cultivated commercially. It has also appeared in 
several parts of New Zealand with disastrous results, but is not else- 
where reported. 

The damage is manifest chiefly in the young shoots and nuts. The 
affected shoots wilt, turn black, and die back from an inch to a foot 
or more (usually 3 to or 8 inches). On young and rapidly growing 
trees the injury is often very serious, though as yet no record has been 
made of a tree being killed by blight. The injury to the nuts occurs 
about blossoming time, when there is little development, and the very 
small nuts fall from the tree. Those attacked at any subsequent date 
may either fall or remain until the tree is poled, depending on the 
virulence of the attack. Poling is performed by shaking or striking 
the limbs with a long pole having an iron hook at the end. 

The disease attacks the hull from the outside (fig. 19, c) and 
gradually passes inward, destroying more or less of the shell — though 
often only discoloring it, in which case the nut remains on the tree — 
and later shriveling and blackening a part or all of the kernel. 
Blighted nuts usually fall prematurely, but sometimes remain on the 
trees to the end of the season. Figure 19, 1>, illustrates a group of 
unblighted young nuts of the same age as figure 19, c. 

Blight appears with the first vegetative activity in spring and 
develops rapidly in moist warm weather. The period of most de- 
structive activity usually lasts not more than 10 days. In 1910, at 

254 



90 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

Saticoy, where fog prevails to a far greater extent than at Santa 
Paula, the orchards were much less seriously affected. 1 Saticoy is 
nearer the ocean than Santa Paula, and perhaps the temperature 
during early growth was more favorable. 

That blight has become a disturbing factor in the crop output of 
the California walnut orchards is evidenced by the fact that one firm 
with an established bearing orchard of 500 acres has removed the 
trees from 65 acres and is seriously contemplating the clearing of 
75 to 100 acres more because the blight is particularly destructive in 
that part of the orchard. 

Well-known orchardists in charge of large properties assert that 
the loss from blight in 1010 approximated one-tenth of the crop. The 
fruit of some trees was injured to the extent of 10 per cent, of others 
00 per cent, while some were but slightly injured. The total loss, in 
round numbers, to the industry must have been over a quarter of a 
million dollars. 

Both National and State Governments have realized for some years 
that the problem of combating the blight is serious, and each has con- 
ducted in its own way very complete investigations covering the sub- 
jects of remedies, especially the application of sprays. The investi- 
gators employed by both the Nation and the State are agreed that 
spraying offers no sure means of combating blight. Extended but 
incomplete observations made over widely separated areas indicate 
the possibility of partly overcoming the effects of blight by the use 
of fertilizers which stimulate the trees to an increased yield, and 
also that irrigation promises similar results. 2 Definite results from 
more extensive and completed experiments are awaited with much 
interest. 

The latest findings relative to blight are by the University of Cali- 
fornia experiment station, from whose Bulletin 203 the following 
excerpts are taken: 

The ultimate solution of the blight problem appears to be in the growing of 
walnuts immune to the blight, desirable types of which are already in exist- 
ence. Much work is being done at the Whittier laboratory in this direction. 
This involves the growing of grafted rather than seedling trees, and thus op- 
portunity is given for choice regarding both the root and the top of the tree. 
Each is of great importance. Extensive plantings have been made at the 
laboratory of nuts of various kinds and sources for the production of root 
stocks. These represent several species of walnuts and also hybrids between 
different species. Experience has already shown that in the native California 
black walnut we have a more hardy root than that of the English walnut, one 
that is more capable of flourishing under unfavorable conditions and one with 
a much wider range of soil. The native walnut varies, however, in individual 

1 Observation of C. C. Teague, president of the Southern California Walnut Growers' 
Association. > 

-Bulletin 20::, California Agricultural Experiment Station. 

254 



PESTS AND DISEASES. 91 

trees almost as much as the cultivated species, so that there is room for care- 
ful selection and discrimination in growing a root stock. The California walnut 
is also divided more or less distinctly into two separate species. It may he 
classed as the southern California and northern California types. The tree 
which grows wild in the southern part of the State has its favorite habitat 
upon dry, somewhat elevated hillsides, with occasional trees in the valleys at 
the foot of these hills. It is distinctly a hillside rather than a valley tree, 
however. The tree itself has quite a shrubby rather than a treelike form, and 
even in large specimens grown on good soil with abundant water the tendency 
is still toward abundant branching rather than the formation of a tall, clean 
trunk. * * * 

The origin of the northern California walnut is much in doubt. While this 
tree is one of the commonest grown for shade and ornament about many of the 
towns in central and northern California, yet there are only a very few places 
where there is any indication of the tree having been indigenous. Considerable 
attention has been given to this intei"esting question, and we have found but 
three locations where the walnut trees go back beyond the knowledge of any 
white person. These are (1) near Walnut Creek, Contra Costa County; (2) 
Walnut Grove, Sacramento County; (3) a point in the mountains of Napa 
County northeast of Napa City, near the top of the west slope of the so-called 
" Wooden Valley." In each of these places, and at no other which we can find, 
there were large, old black walnut trees growing at the time of the first white 
settlement. These primeval trees do not appear to have been indigenous to the 
localities where they are found, but the question of their origin is an ex- 
tremely obscure one. Morphological and field studies are being made by Mr. 
Ramsey upon this subject. The northern tree shows a decided preference for 
a moist valley soil in the vicinity of streams rather than that of the south for 
growing on dry hillsides. 

Both the northern and southern California walnuts have been found satis- 
factory as a root stock for the English, but we have as yet no sufficient compari- 
son between them to judge finally as to which is the better. Such comparisons 
are now being made' by this division by grafting English walnuts on various 
roots and planting them in various soils. The possibility of using for roots 
some of the not uncommon hybrids between the California black, American 
black, and English walnuts is also receiving much attention, on account of 
the extremely vigorous growth of these trees. Selected walnuts from all over 
the State as well as from other parts of the country have been planted at 
Whittier, and a very interesting nursery is in process of development. 

The selection of a strain or variety of English walnut possessing immunity 
to the blight as well as desirable commercial qualities is receiving much at- 
tention. Immunity to this disease is not obtained entirely by actual resistance, 
but in many cases by simply escaping the worst infection period, i. e., the 
moist weather of early spring. Most of the immune trees are such as come out 
rather late in the spring, thus escaping rather than resisting the blight. 
Several of the ordinary French walnuts, such as the Franqnette and Mayette, 
have this quality of lateness in an extreme degree, but this involves the ques- 
tion of the time of harvest in the fall, an extremely late crop not being desirable 
in California. The most promising trees found thus far are local seedlings of 
foreign varieties which develop somewhat later than our ordinary seedlings, 
but not so late as the French varieties mentioned. A number have been found 
which seem to justify their planting as blight immune. Among these we may 
mention varieties which have received the names Eureka, Concord, Chase, and 
San Jose, as well as the Franqnette and Mayette mentioned above. All of these 
and many other varieties are being grown by this division and their value 



92 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

carefully tested for various portions of the State. We are now in a position 

to supply scions of all the important walnut varieties, as well as a limited 
number of nursery trees of some. 

One very imperative phase of this matter has been the question as to the fate 
of the present existing plantings, consisting of many thousand acres of fine, 
large, thrifty trees, very satisfactory in every way except for the occasional 
loss of a considerable part of the crop through their susceptibility to the disease. 
Many of these orchards are extremely profitable even under present conditions, 
and it is evident that by increased attention to soil fertilization their product- 
iveness can be maintained in a very satisfactory degree in spite of the disease. 

One means of handling large trees which are extremely susceptible to blight 
is by top grafting them to the more immune kinds. The methods of doing this 
have received the consideration of this division, and much work has been done 
along this line. During 190S and 1909 a considerable number of large trees 
were toii-grafted. both by the station and by individual growers, with decided 
success. Experience elsewhere, particularly in the central part of the State 
where many large native walnuts have been grafted to the English variety, has 
shown that with reasonable success a new top equal to the original one can be 
put on a large tree in four years. In orchard work the most rational practice 
appears to be the picking out and working over of the trees most susceptible to 
blight each year until finally the whole orchard has been changed. In this way 
there is no marked loss from cutting off the trees in any one season. 

Another method of working over an old orchard consists in intersetting with 
nursery trees of the California black walnut. It is more practical to plant the 
young trees rather than the nuts in the orchard. The object of this method is 
to grow the black walnut trees up to 3 or 4 years old and then grraft them 
in the top to the desired variety. If the ground is closely shaded by old trees, 
they should be thinned enough to give the young black walnuts a chance to 
grow. This thinning can be done in most of our older orchards without any 
disadvantage, as in most of them the trees are already too thick. The young 
grafted trees will come into bearing early, and it is possible by this plan to 
have a new orchard well started by the time it is necessary to cut out the old 
trees. The advantage of a tree having the black walnut trunk as well as root 
is a very considerable one, owing to the susceptibility of the English walnut 
trunk to sunburn. 

The extensive work by the University investigators entitles their 
views to great weight and those contemplating the planting of wal- 
nuts, particularly npon the Pacific coast, will do well to give them 
careful consideration. 

SUNBURN AND PERFORATION. 

The damage resulting from sunburn and "perforation" is occa- 
sionally serious enough to affect the value of the crop slightly. Sun- 
burn blackens both shell and kernel, thus injuring the sale of the 
product. Perforation is denoted by the failure of the shell to fully 
develop or fill out. Sometimes the injury is in the nature of small 
openings through the shell; or, more frequently, very thin places. 
Both troubles apparently are due to unfavorable physical condi- 
tions. 1 

iA fuller discussion of sunburn and perforation will lie found in Bulletin 218 of the 
California Agricultural Experiment Station. 
264 



HARVESTING THE CROP AND PREPARING IT FOR MARKET. 93 

INSECTS. 

Occasionally other pests attack the walnut tree or its fruit, but 
no considerable damage has been reported. In a few instances the 
walnut aphis has caused slight damage. Other insects that attack 
the walnut are borers, which work in the trunks of the trees, several 
species of Lepidoptera, which feed upon the foliage in the larval or 
caterpillar stage, and the nut weevils, which feed upon the fruit and 
in some cases on the terminal twigs. Growers encountering insect 
pests should send specimens and damaged parts of the tree to the Bu- 
reau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture. 
Washington, I). C., with a request for information as to the ways and 
means for combating them. 

HARVESTING THE CROP AND PREPARING IT FOR MARKET. 

HARVESTING. 

The most important phase of harvesting the walnut crop is to 
prevent the nuts from becoming stained. The market demands that 
the nuts be a clean, bright-yellowish hue. This requirement may 
be met in two ways: (1) By care in harvesting to prevent the shells 
from being soiled with dirt, stained with dye from the hull, or dis- 
colored by rains or strong sunlight; (2) by bleaching after being 
cured. 

The outer hull of the Persian walnut ordinarily breaks along ir- 
regular lines when mature and permits the nut to fall free to the 
ground. During dry seasons part of the crop fails to do this or to 
fall from the tree at all until outside force is applied, usually in the 
form of poling or shaking. In normal years it is necessary to pole 
tardily maturing nuts to keep the harvesting period within reasonable 
limits. Such polings usually also require hulling. 

By extreme care in harvesting it is possible to escape the need of 
bleaching. The natural color of most varieties if fully preserved is 
sufficiently light to meet the demands of all but the most fastidious 
purchasers. Let the grower exercise the following precautions: 
So far as possible gather the nuts just as the hulls open to free them. 
Allow none to remain long exposed to direct sunlight, rain, or dew, 
or in contact with the soil, or attached to parts of the broken hull. 
Let freshly gathered nuts remain for only the shortest time possible 
in picking boxes, sacks, or other receptacles before subjecting them 
to the cleaning process. Care must be taken that the nuts are not 
kept too long in water, as such treatment is liable to partly unseal 
them. A spray of water playing over a slatted revolving cylinder 
fully serves the purpose. Twelve to fifteen minutes' active rolling 
and rubbing is ample to remove soil particles and the hull fiber from 
the nuts. Then remove the nuts to slatted trays 3 by 6 feet and 3 to 

254 



94 



THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 



6 inches deep. If the sunlight is intense the trays are placed in a 
shaded area, as under partially defoliated trees or light screens, 
where a current of air rapidly absorbs the excess water of the 
cleansing bath. If the rays of a declining sun are not too hot, the 
trays are spread on the ground (fig. 23) or on low horses in an open 
space. Prolonged exposure to a hot sun discolors the shells and sets 
oil free, which hastens rancidity when the nuts are afterwards stored. 
Should fall rains attend harvesting operations, place the trays in an 
artificial dryer where a current of moderately warm dry air may be 
passed over the nuts for a few hours. 




Fig. 23. — Screening and curing Persian walnuts at Anaheim, Cal. 



CURING. 

After being subjected to this preliminary drying process 10 or 12 
hours in the case of the dryer and 3 to 5 days when exposed to the 
open air the trays of nuts are stacked in tiers 4 to G feet high for a 
week or 10 days, during which the nuts cure, or they may fee placed 
in bins which permit free circulation of air, and should receive fre- 
quent turnings. After being fully cured they are graded by pass- 
ing them over an oscillating inclined plane of wire screen or through 
an inclined cylinder of the same material, the slightly oblique mesh 
of which varies from 1 inch to 1^ inches square. With either ap- 
paratus the motion is slow, not more than 10 or 12 revolutions of 
(he cylinder per minute or a corresponding number of oscillations 
of the plane. 

254 



HARVESTING THE CEOP AND PREPARING IT FOR MARKET. 



95 



HULLING. 



Nuts which fail to free themselves from the shell at the time of 
falling from the tree (called " sticktights ") are hulled by hand or 
put through a machine similar to a corn shelter (fig. 24). For a 
large quantity the machine method is quicker and cheaper than 
the hand method. Sticktights are usually due to want of water 
just prior to ripening. In dry seasons, where possible, a moderate 
application of water should be given the trees just before the hulls 
complete their growth. This treatment promotes plumpness of the 
hulls, which in consequence separate freely from the nuts. 




Pig. L'4. — Hulling and sorting Persian walnuts near Santa Barbara, Cal. The nuts 
travel on endless belts directly from these operations to the drying trays. 



ASSORTING. 

Having passed the grader, which separates them into two grades, 
the nuts are next more or less closely hand picked. This assorting 
operation removes ill-formed, discolored, sunburned, and blighted 
nuts, and those with broken or perforated shells. In some instances, 
especially when the crop is wholly prepared at home, the hand 
picking is done while the nuts are passing over the grader. In the 
smaller processing plants assorting, generally performed according 
to a very liberal view of what constitutes standard grades, is done at 
any stage from grading to sacking as convenience suggests. 

PROCESSING. 

When commercially considered the southern California crop is 
usually processed, because under present demands for a bleached 



96 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

nut this operation offers the easiest, cheapest, and most expeditious 
means of handling the crop. Processing is responsible for a num- 
ber of practices that are distinctly local, such as gathering the nuts 
at less frequent intervals than where processing is not practiced, and 
grading, bleaching, assorting, sacking, and selling in a specially 
equipped central plant on a basis determined by representatives of 
both grower and dealer. When the nuts are sufficiently cured at the 
orchard they are sacked and taken to the processing plant at or near 
the shipping point, where they are received and weighed, the grower 
being given a receipt for each lot as delivered. 

To secure a uniform product the selling associations issue instruc- 
tions to the growers covering details of the various harvesting opera- 
tions. As the associations are composed of the growers as stock- 
holders it amounts to the issuance by the growers of a set of rules 
for their own guidance in cooperative effort. The following instruc- 
tions, issued by the Los Nietos and Ranchito Walnut Growers' Asso- 
ciation, of Rivera, Cal., are representative of the action taken by 
such organizations in southern California : 

ASSOCIATION INSTRUCTIONS. 

Picking. — The nuts should be picked up as soon as practicable and not 
allowed to lie on the ground for any great length of time. The sun or fog will 
injure the meat of the nut or mar the appearance of the shell. Especially will 
this be the case where the outer hull adheres to the nut after it has fallen from 
the tree. The nuts should not be poled from the tree before fully ripe. A pole 
with an iron hook at one end will suffice to loosen the ripe nuts. Place the 
hook over the limb of the tree and suddenly jerk the pole; this will do the work. 

Cleaning. — The nuts should not remain in the picking sacks for any length 
of time; if they do both the meat and shells are liable to become moldy, 
thereby injuring the quality and appearance of the nuts. The nuts should be 
thoroughly washed before being placed in the trays to dry and cure. The 
washing can best be done as the nuts are taken from the picking sacks and 
before the dirt adhering to the shell and the stain from the green hull dries. 
The cylinder washer will be found to be the best for washing the nuts. The 
time it takes to wash the nuts will depend on the condition of them, say from 
10 to 20 minutes; use plenty of water. 

Drying- After the nuts are thoroughly cleaned they should be placed on 
trays in the sun, if not too warm, until thoroughly cured. The length of time 
will depend on the condition of the nuts and the weather. From 4 to S days 
will usually be sufficient. When the nuts are well cured the meats will be 
quite brittle; by this test you can tell when the nuts are properly cured. Care 
should be taken in drying soft-shell nuts. Too much sunshine will cause the 
nut to open; also the heat of the sun if very warm will start the oil in the 
meats, thereby causing the nut to become rancid. During foggy weather the 
nuts in the trays should be covered during the nighttime. This can easily be 
done by stacking the trays one upon the other and covering the top tray with 
burlap or any other material. 

Blending i>huits.—\Vln]e the blending plaids are expected, so far as the ap- 
pearance is concerned, to greatly improve our grade of walnuts, they will in 
nowise change the work of the grower in preparing the nuts for market, except 
sacking and delivering the crop to the walnut houses. It is especially recom- 

254 



HARVESTING THE CROP AND PREPARING IT FOR MARKET. 97 

mended that the growers, in delivering their walnuts to the association, use the 
ordinary grain or barley sacks, that the sacks be filled uniformly and sewed, 
and that the name of the grower be stenciled on opposite sides of each sack to 
prevent loss of identity of the nuts before being placed in the blending plant; 
and also to insure the return of the delivering sacks to the owner. 

Twine. — The association will issue to stockholders, at cost, from the Rivera 
Walnut House on specific dates skein twine for the use of stockholders for 
sewing the grain or delivering sacks. 

All walnuts will be weighed when received from the grower and receipt for 
net weight given. Payment will be made in accordance with the by-laws of 
the association as soon as accounts can be made up after shipments of walnuts 
begin. 

After receipt of the nuts at the processing plant they are conveyed 
to the first of a series of power-operated machines, where they are 
screened from any foreign substances gathered with the crop. After 
screening they are passed through the bleacher and then through the 
grader, though sometimes grading precedes bleaching. The nuts are 
next taken to assorters on an endless belt and carried to especially 
constructed aerating bins from which they are sacked and shipped. 

GRADING. 

From the screening machine the nuts pass into and lengthwise 
through a cylinder about 20 inches in diameter and 5 feet long, made 
of standard-size wire screen. This cylinder, called a grader, is set 
on an incline of about 15° and when rotated slowly allows the 
smaller nuts to pass through the mesh while the larger ones pass out 
at the lower end, separating the nuts, though not very accurately, 
into two grades called firsts and seconds. 

To the writer there appears to be a weakness in the present method 
of marketing the crop. The product of the average orchard ought 
to have its firsts again separated into two grades if the crop is to 
obtain the returns to which it is entitled in comparison with other 
orchard crops. The average difference in price between firsts and 
seconds is about 20 per cent, somewhat less when prices are high and 
rather more when prices are low 7 . Ordinarily there is as much dif- 
ference between the sizes of the nuts marketed as firsts as between 
firsts and seconds, with the proportion reversed. The. usual propor- 
tion between firsts and seconds is 9 to 1. On this basis, regrradinsr of 
the firsts would put 9 per cent of the crop in a grade above the present 
first grade. This part of the crop on the present price scale would 
bring to the producer a net profit of nearly 2 per cent above what is 
now received, since there would be no additional cost in making the 
new grade. Should the walnut crop of the future be grown in large 
part upon grafted trees the above sizes and prices may not hold, 
since the fruit from grafted trees is much more uniform than from 
seedlings. Data of Franquette. Wiltz, and Concord nuts grown, 
60951°— Bull. 254—13 7 



98 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

respectively, in the Vrooman, Wiltz, and Hutchinson orchards of 
grafted trees show less than 5 per cent of seconds in the average crop 
and practically no variation in the size of the nuts rated as firsts. 
Should like results prevail in future orcharding, and leading authori- 
ties in all walnut districts are freely of that opinion, there may be 
little need to increase the number of grades in future except with 
reference to varieties. The trade requirements of the future will de- 
mand that grades be distinguished in other respects than by size 
alone. In addition to grading for size and its accompanying crack- 
ing percentage as at present, the interests of the industry make it 
evident that steps must soon be taken to insure grading on a more 
comprehensive basis. The nut trade suffers materially from insuffi- 
cient discrimination in such points as the following: Form of nut; 
bleaching, sealing, uniformity in type, smoothness, regularity, color, 
and thickness of shell; cracking percentage; darkness, veining, and 
astringeney of pellicle: lean or fat kernels; toughness, tenderness, 
crispness, flavor, and quality of flesh. 

Were walnuts graded as closely as oranges, lemons, apples, and 
pears there would be at least one more grade, and probably two, 
which would bring the grower of extra-large or fancy nuts a cor- 
responding advance in revenue, with added incentive toward raising 
the grade and quality of the output. 

BLEACHING. 

From the grading machine the nuts pass to the bleacher, a cylin- 
drical piece of machinery similar in size to the grader but made of 
straight wire rods running lengthwise and held in position by en- 
circling cross wires. After being sprayed with electrolyzed brine in 
passing through this machine, which, like the grader, is supported 
on an incline, the first-grade nuts are carried to a drying bin to 
remain for a few days, where air currents may circulate freely 
among them. Meantime the seconds separated by the grader are 
placed in sacks to await their course through the bleacher when 
the firsts have passed out. As the firsts and seconds leave the bleacher 
on endless belts for the finishing, aerating, or drying bins they are 
handpicked or assorted. The sorts, called culls or shells, are placed 
in separate bins and sold to confectioners or concerns that engage 
in the preparation of shelled meats for market. 

Electrolytic bleaching is far superior to the chlorid of lime bath 
or sulphur fumes. Being simple in preparation, clean, and effective, 
it is less injurious to the nuts and more wholesome for the con- 
sumer, as little, if any. material gets into the nuts, and then only 
into those that are unsealed. The solution used is made by dis- 
solving 5 pounds best-grade dairy salt in 100 gallons of water. This 
solution is placed in a battery jar and an electric current of 95 to 

254 



HARVESTING THE CROP AND PREPARING IT FOR MARKET. 99 

110 volts is applied. The variation in the strength of the current 
depends upon the purity of the salt. The cell containing the liquid 
is kept at a temperature of 90° to 95° F. It is applied to the nuts 
as a spray with a pressure of about 80 pounds. 

As soon as the bleached nuts are dry they are sacked in the same 
manner as the wheat crop of the Pacific coast. In some instances, 
for convenience in identification while being handled, the sacks car- 
rying the firsts have stamped upon them lengthwise a distinct colored 
band or broad stripe. 

A perceptible opposition to bleaching is manifest on the part of 
those consumers familiar with both the bleached and the unbleached 
product. Undoubtedly some of this unfavorable criticism in the past 
has been deserved, since it is well known that the old process of dip- 
ping in chloric! of lime permitted more or less of the solution to 
enter nuts not well sealed, rendering them disagreeable to the taste. 
This objection is avoided by the bleaching process already described, 
known as the salt bath, in which the solution rarely enters the shell, 
and if it does, nothing more than a mild salty taste is detected. An- 
other objection to bleaching, which further investigation may over- 
come, is that it prevents the proper curing of the kernel through the 
destruction of the enzymes or other agents that develop in the un- 
bleached nut. 

While the bacteriologist is settling this question perhaps we may 
ascertain how to harvest, cure, and market the crop without the 
necessity of bleaching. At present a limited quantity of unbleached 
nuts are so marketed and, so far as known, bring prices equally 
high. The public will soon learn to accept the natural-colored nut, 
provided it is clean, unstained, and sold at the same price. The 
problem involves change in harvesting practices, and doubt arises 
as to the possibility of producing as uniformly clean and bright an 
output as is now offered by electrolytic bleaching without materially 
increasing the cost of production. In the face of what promises to 
be a growing sentiment against bleaching on the part of consumers 
who require a high-grade or fancy nut, the grower is likely to order 
his product to meet the consumer's demand. 

STORING. 

In the main, the keeping qualities of walnuts are excellent, but in 
order to insure the best results in storage they should be kept in a 
cool dry room constructed to exclude insects; otherwise wormy nuts 
will result from prolonged storage. Exposed to damp, nuts soon 
mold or decay, and even when dry the nuts will become rancid if 
kept too long. Dr. Thomas A. Knight, writing in 1811, said : 

I have subsequently found that both chestnuts and walnuts may be preserved 
through the whole winter nearly in the state they came from the trees by cover- 

254 



100 



THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 



ing them with earth (as potatoes are usually covered in the gardens of cgt- 
tagers) and mingling a sufficient quantity of moderately dry mold with the 
nuts to occupy the space between them. 1 

Such a practice might not be amiss for the orchardist keeping his 
own crop, but would be impracticable when the market demands a 
clean, bright, or bleached product. To meet this demand there 
appears to be only one course to follow, and that is to subject the 
crop to cold storage after being fully cured. A temperature such as 
is maintained for the storage of apples ought to be suitable for 
walnuts, though no reports of experiments upon this point have been 
made. 

With walnuts that are to be stored for an extended period care 
must be exercised in the selection of thoroughly sealed nuts unless 
they are placed in air-tight chambers and kept cold. In ordinary 
storage chambers weakly sealed nuts are subject to serious damage 
by worms and weevils. Experiments now being made in the storage 
of pecans by C. A. Reed, of the Department of Agriculture, promise 
excellent results. Kernels cracked in 1911 were placed in vacuum- 
sealed glass jars, and on being opened in March, 1012 were found as 
crisp and fresh as when cracked. During this period the jars were 
stored in an office room at ordinary temperature. While storing wal- 
nuts commercially is somewhat different from this treatment of 
pecans in that the larger number of stored nuts will be unshelled. 
there appears to be no reason why the method should not give as 
good results with walnuts as with pecans. 

WALNUT GROWING AS A BUSINESS. 
PRODUCTION VXD CONSUMPTION. 

During the years of the past decade the quantity of walnuts mar- 
keted in the United States has been approximately as follows: 2 

Table III. — Persian walnuts marketed in the United States, 1902-1911. 







Imported. 


Trice 
for the 
home 
prod- 
uct, i 


Year. 


Domestic 
unshelled. 


Imported. 


Price 
for the 


* ear - unshelled. 


Unshelled. 


Shelled. 


Unshelled. 


Shelled. 


home 

prod- 
uct. 3 


1902.. 
1903.. 

1904 . . 

1905 . . 
1906.. 


Pounds. 
13,800,000 
17,400,000 
12,628,248 

12,776,136 


Pou nds. 
10,394,04S 

S, 936, 439 
19,454,012 
16,312,139 


Pounds. 
2,594,288 

3,579,941 
4,178,010 
4,948,175 


Cents. 
9j 
10 
12J 

11 
13 


1907.. 
1908.. 
1909.. 
1910.. 
1911.. 


Pounds. 
15,096,887 
14,674,543 
20,286,769 
18, 695, 686 
19,388,776 


Pou nds. 
23,036,646 
21, 127,853 
17,432,885 
23,269,974 
21,146,116 


Poinids. 

7,199,988 
• 

8,781,909 
10,960,988 
11,244,055 


Cents. 
11 
15 
12i 

ill 

15 



1 Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, ser. 1. vol. 1. 1820, p. 247. 

3 Reports for the years I'.hil' and 1903 by the Southern California Walnut Growers' As- 
sociation. The data for 1904 to 1911. inclusive, are taken from compilations made by 
P. A. Bazzard from the record of shipments made from points in southern California. 

: Net at the association's headquarters, less approximately 7^ per cent commissions. 

254 



WALNUT GKOWING AS A BUSINESS. 101 

According to the French ratio the shelled product is equivalent to 
slightly more than 40 per cent of the whole nut. The estimate of 
the total American consumption here given is based on this ratio for 
the imported product. It thus appears that the people of the United 
States during 1910 consumed approximately 35,000 tons of walnuts, 
more than 25,000 tons of which were imported. About five-sevenths 
of the importations came from France, while the larger part of the 
other two-sevenths came (in the order of the quantities imported) 
from Italy, Turkey in Asia, Austria-Hungary, the United Kingdom, 
and the Chinese Empire. Practically all of the home-grown com- 
mercial crop was produced in California, though Oregon sold a few 
carloads. A few thousand pounds were marketed from small orchards 
and individual garden, lawn, or roadside trees in Washington, New 
York. Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, and Delaware, while 
scattered trees in Michigan, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, Texas, 
and Georgia yielded a few hundred pounds for home use. 

A great opportunity evidently exists for extending the area of 
production of the home crop. The present activity to secure hardier 
disease-resistant varieties of high quality and to improve the methods 
of propagation is evidence of the effort to take advantage of this op- 
portunity. The interest of the public also suggests extended trial of 
the more promising hardy varieties over a wide range of such terri- 
tory as appears at all suited to the successful cultivation of this tree. 

YIELD. 

There are authentic records of individual trees in Europe yielding 
as much as 2,000 pounds, while the largest yield recorded for an 
American tree is 712 pounds. This tree, known as the Payne tree, 
located at Campbell. Cal., is of magnificent proportions. It orig- 
inated by the planting of a California black walnut in 1871. In 1896 
the tree was top-worked with wood of the Santa Rosa Persian walnut. 
Though originally planted in a row with others, it grew so rapidly 
from the start that it soon overshadowed the others and has prac- 
tically become an isolated tree, except for a white walnut, or butter- 
nut, some 60 or more feet away. Growing upon a deep fertile soil and 
fed by the wash of the barnyard, the crop of this tree is not a fair cri- 
terion by which to approximate the yield of a commercial orchard, 
though it has often served that purpose for the promoter of walnut 
orchards sold on the installment plan. In favorable seasons, with 
orchards growing upon deep rich soils well supplied with moisture, 
it is not unusual to harvest from an acre of seedling trees, 20 years 
of»age, a ton or more of marketable nuts, but a conservative basis for 
investment is 1,000 to 1,200 pounds. The following statement from 
the books of a successful grower in the Rivera section of California 



102 



THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 



exhibits the results of an average orchard well managed. He had 
trees covering 8 acres 27 years old, 15 acres 16 years old, 12 acres 12 
years old, and 7 acres 10 years old, which produced during 1910 nuts 
to the gross value of $5,200, or an average of $123.85 per acre. His 
approximate yield per acre was 825 pounds for 16-year-old trees. 
Statements of a yearly product considerably higher than these figures 
are frequently published, but careful inquiry among scores of suc- 
cessful growers in Oregon and California does not confirm them for 
average yields, one year with another, under varying conditions of 
soil and climate. It must be remembered, however, that statistics of 
yield from commercial orchards are taken at present almost exclu- 
sively from orchards of seedling trees, which are unquestionably less 
prolific than grafted trees of selected parentage. Though no au- 
thentic records are available, it is asserted that grafted trees of pro- 
ductive varieties, besides coming into bearing earlier, yield 20 per 
cent more nuts than average seedling trees. This estimate appears 
conservative when we consider that grafted trees may also be immune 
to blight. Further, the product of grafted trees brings a higher 
price upon the market. In the prices quoted for the output of the 
Southern California Walnut Growers' Association for 1910 nuts 
from grafted trees were favored by a 16| per cent advance over the 
general seedling crop. These two items are of weight when the 
factors in profitable orcharding are under consideration. 



Table IV. — Statement showing number of farms reporting Persian walnuts, 
trees of bearing and nonbeariny age, quantity produced, and value, census of 
1910. 1 





Number of trees Apr. 15, 1910. 


Products of 1909. 


State.' 


Bearii 


gage. 


Non bearing age. 


Quantity. 






Farms re- 
porting. 


Trees. 


Farms re- 
porting. 


Trees. 


Value. 




983 

23 

182 

7,357 

6 

6 

301 

1,020 

52 

87 

1 

106 

411 

754 

1 


3,022 
103 

1,284 

853, 237 

39 

15 

786 

3,433 

407 

772 

200 

1,227 

1,228 

2,068 

1 


1,164 
62 
182 

6, 554 
7 
7 
327 
984 
74 
12 


4,180 

324 

1,260 

546,804 

80 

15 

1,489 

6,996 

1,013 

1,045 


Pounds. 

43,673 

1,000 

15,436 

21,432,260 

25 

222 

28,575 

56,585 

633 

3,497 


$3,557 




161 




1,384 




2,247,193 




3 

44 


Florida * 


2.018 




4,161 




79 




331 








46 

398 

444 

2 


1,193 
3,390 

1,758 
7 


35,825 
15,173 
6,916 

50 


1,499 




1,446 




745 




5 



i The census tabulation shows no production of Persian walnuts in Connecticut, District of Columbia, 
Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, 
South Dakota, Vermont, and Wisconsin; but herbarium specimens and correspondence show that nuts 
of fair quality are grown in favorable sections of Connecticut, Michigan, and the District of Columbia. 

2 Observations and correspondence indicate that, the enumerators in States marked with an asterisk (*) 
failed to distinguish between the product of the American black, the Japanese, and the Persian walnut. 
Students of horticultural conditions in these States, men of high scientific, professional, and business stand- 
ing, assert 1 hat it is not possible to obtain such figures except, by indiscriminate use of the term walnut. 



WALNUT GROWING AS A BUSINESS. 



103 



Table IV. — Statement showing number of farms reporting Persian walnuts, 
trees of bearing and nonoearing age, quantity produced, etc. — Continued. 



State. 



Mississippi * 

Missouri * 

Nevada 

New Jersey 

New Mexico. . . . 

New York 

North Carolina * 

Ohio 

Oklahoma* 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania. .. 
Rhode Island. . . 
South Carolina* 

Tennessee * 

Texas * 

Utah 

Virginia* 

Washington 

West Virginia *. 
Wyoming 



Number of trees Apr. 15, 1910. 



Bearing age. 



Farms re- 
porting. 



893 

86 

8 

170 

15 

81 
503 

71 

252 

1,134 

53 

1 

473 

96 
626 

53 
371 
509 
121 
1 



Trees. 



2,705 
1,214 
v 39 

429 

250 

456 
2, 125 

599 
6,889 
9.526 

198 

4 

1,373 

437 
9,685 

292 

3,540 

3,051 

3,035 

1 



Nonbearing age. 



Farms re- 
porting. 



Trees. 



1,239 


5,513 


48 


999 


11 


14S 


138 


1,360 


123 


1,641 


28 


139 


509 


1,731 


30 


220 


198 


5,962 


4,300 


177,004 


68 


142 


1 


1 


526 


1,834 


49 


137 


704 


13,015 


42 


484 


194 


1,642 


1,461 


23,406 


59 


1,481 



Products of 1909. 



Quantity. 



Pounds. 

66, 492 

5,791 

200 

2,798 

715 

9,346 

73,303 

2,461 

6,700 

79,000 

4,523 



28, 160 
4, 157 
40,658 
5,985 
22,512 
16, 450 
17,337 



Value. 



$6, 949 

618 

20 

302 

91 

858 

3,686 

154 

489 

8,288 

516 



2,583 
295 
3,703 
533 
1,231 
2,241 
2,153 



FOOD VALUE. 



According to Prof. M. E. Jaffa, of the University of California^ 
who has made extended analyses of the composition of nuts and 
other foods, walnuts, inclusive of the shells, are estimated to com- 
prise a waste of about 58.8 per cent of the uncracked nuts as usually 
found upon the market. They have a value as represented by the 
heat units (calories) they furnish, pound for pound, comparable with 
other food products, as shown in Table V. 1 

Table V. — Average fuel value of walnuts as compared to other food products. 





Average 

price per 

pound, 

1910. 


Refuse. 


Fuel value of edi- 
ble portion. 


Food product. 


Calories 

per 
pound. 


Calories 
fori 
cent. 




$0.15 
.04 
.05 
.045 
.10 
. 25 


Per cent. 


950 
1,650 
1,215 
1,605 
1,005 
3,075 


63 






412 




10 
58.8 


243 




356 




145 




51 







1 Yearbook, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, for 190G, p. 290. 



104 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

Considering the comparative value of walnuts and other food 
products, it is evident that the walnut can not be rated according to 
present market prices as an article of ordinary diet. Before the 
Persian walnut can become an article of daily consumption the crop 
must be produced in much larger quantities, necessitating extensive 
additional acreage. Relatively little high-class land suitable for the 
Persian walnut is available in southern California, except at very 
high cost. This region offers several thousand acres suitable for 
the production of this crop, provided care is used in the selection of 
site and varieties, though the fact is that much of this acreage will 
probably be planted to crops yielding earlier and more profitable 
returns. It will be necessary to enter other districts if the crop is to 
keep pace with the increased consumption, and preliminary tests 
warrant the statement that the crop can be successfully and profitably 
grown in other sections. 

In connection with the topic of food value, it may be well to call 
attention to one or two features of the American-grown nut that 
merit attention, especially by those engaged in its improvement, 
The connoisseur of nuts is persistent in his assertion that the kernels 
of the French varieties when grown in the United States are much 
more starchy than when grown in France. He also asserts that many 
of our best American-grown nuts are more or less bitter and 
astringent, 

These criticisms are not made in a spirit of disparagement but 
of helpful suggestion. It is assumed that if our nuciculturists have 
accepted ideals placed before them effort will be made to embody 
these ideals in American seedlings, insuring sooner or later a nut 
vastly improved in those properties that make a product of the 
highest quality. 

At present the American public does not discriminate between the 
different varieties, types, or qualities of walnuts. When the home 
product shall equal or excel home consumption more discrimination 
will be shown. Already American growers are awake to the need 
of arousing the public to an appreciation of the fact that the first- 
grade home product is not to be classed with the foreign varieties 
generally used for replacement purposes. 

It is opportune to have this matter of American quality brought 
to the attention just as we are beginning a notable advance in the 
improvement and culture of this nut, and to the criticism and de- 
mand of the connoisseur we shall be indebted for stimulation in the 
development of new and better varieties. 

INVESTMENT AND OPERATION. 

Though seasonal variations bring more or less change in the tillage 
operations of a walnut orchard, the following figures recording the 

254 



WALNUT GROWING AS A BUSINESS. 105 

experience of growers throughout California, Oregon, and Wash- 
ington may be considered a conservative estimate of the investment 
and expenses necessary to produce and market an average crop of 
walnuts. The average crop one year with another from trees 15 to 
25 years of age is 1,000 to 1,200 pounds per acre. 

In the States named first-class land suitable for walnut growing 
cleared and ready for planting costs $150 to $1,000 per acre accord- 
ing to location. In outlying sections, especially in northern Cali- 
fornia, Oregon, and Washington, land may be bought for $100 per 
acre. In sections where the walnut finds a congenial home higher 
prices prevail. Grafted trees cost $1 to $1.50 each; preparation of 
the soil and planting the trees, $1 to $6 per acre ; pruning, 75 cents 
annually per acre as an average for the first 10 years; two or three 
times that amount for the next 10-year period, and slightly more 
afterwards: tillage, $12 to $20 per year if no intercrops are grown; 
irrigation, $2 to $6, according to character of soil, season, age, and 
bearing of the trees; fertilizers and cover crops (for nitrogen and 
humus) $2.50 to $5; superphosphate, $8 to $10; harvesting, $20 to 
$30 per ton ; charges for processing, $10 per ton; commission on sales. 
7^ per cent. The average price of the product during the past 10 
years has been 12^ cents per pound f. o. b. at point of shipment on 
the Pacific coast. 



Note. — Since the second paragraph on page 20 was written, the severe winter 
of 1911-12 wrought such damage to all Persian walnut trees on their own roots 
that it is necessary to change the tenor of the statements therein. Throughout 
eastern Pennsylvania and in the District of Columbia many old trees were killed 
outright or so severely injured that they will die within a year or two. In 
those' instances, however, where the writer has made a personal examination 
the trees were found to he growing under the unfavorable conditions usually 
prevailing in the walled-up back yards of cities. A few trees growing under 
the more favorable environments surrounding country homes in this same 
territory have been reported as suffering severe injury from the low tempera- 
tures, —20° to —33° F., of January, 1912. 

254 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1882. Furnas, Robert W. Special report on culture of English walnuts. Re- 
port 20. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, pp. 133-134. 

1887. Gillet, Felix. The English walnut in central and northern California 

and Oregon. Pacific Rural Press, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 190-191. 

1888. Heath, Russell. The hard-shell walnut. Paper read hefore Ninth Con- 

vention of Fruit Growers. Third Report, California State Board of 

Horticulture, 1S87-8S, pp. 168-171. Discussion, pp. 171-174. 
1888. Sexton, Joseph. The culture of the soft-shell walnut. Paper read before 

Ninth Convention of Fruit Growers. Third Report, California State 

Board of Horticulture, 1887-88, pp. 105-107. 
1893. Garman, H. The walnut caterpillar (Datana integerrina). Bulletin 47, 

Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 35-37. 

1895. Howard, L. O. The English Walnut scale (Aspidiotus jugla/ns-regioe 

Comstock). Yearbook, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1894, pp. 264-265, 
figs. 32-33. 

1896. Corsa, W. P. Nut culture in the United States, embracing native and in- 

troduced species. Publication, Division of Pomology,' U. S. Dept. of 
Agriculture. 
1S96. Lelong, B. M. California walnut industry. Fifth Report. California 
State Board of Horticulture. 1895-96. pp. 77-118, pis. 12-22. Also 
separate, author's edition, 44 pp., 9 pis.. Sacramento, 1896. 

1897. Fuller. A. S. The nut culturist, New York, 1897, pp. 203-253, figs. 

73-100. 
1897. Gardner, Henri F. Walnut growing in southern California. Pacific 

Rural Press, vol. 53. no. 19, pp. 293-294. 
1897. Parry, John R. Nuts for profit, 1897, pp. 120-141. illustrated. Abstracts 

of articles in periodicals. 
1899. Harris. A chapter on walnuts. Florists' Exchange, vol. 9, no. 42, pp. 

1056-1057. 

1899. Cultivation of the English walnut. Special consular reports. F. S. Bureau 

of Foreign Commerce, vol. 15, pt. 2, pp. 131-170, 5 pis. 
1S99. Woods, Charles D., and Merrill, L. H. Nuts as food. Bulletin 54, 
Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 71-92. 

1900. (Anonymous.) Grafting the walnut. Pacific Rural Press, vol. 59, no. 11. 

p. 161, illustrated. 
1900. (Anonymous.) Root-grafting the walnut. Pacific Rural Press, vol. 59, 

no. 12, p. 177. 
1900. Dickenson, J. M. Walnut culture in California. California Cultivator, 

vol. 15. no. 12. pp. 177. 183. 
1900. Pomeroy, N. Experience with the English walnut. American Gardening, 

vol. 21. no. 275, p. 223. 
1902. Mills, J. W. Grafting and budding walnuts. California Cultivator. 

vol. 18, no. 4, p. 53. 

264 

107 



108 THE PERSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

1903. Arthaitd-Berthet, J. Culture du noyer eu France. Annales de l'lnstitutl 

National Agronoruique, ser. 2, tome 2, pp. 19-144, 7 pis. 

1904. (Anonymous.) A model walnut orchard. California Cultivator, vol. 23, 

no. 18, pp. 411, 426. 
1904. Freeman, A. G. Walnuts as grown and handled in France. Pacific Fruit 

World, vol. IS. no. 7, p. 3. Also in Eighth Report, Oregon Board of 

Horticulture, 1905, pp. 330-332. 
190-1. Ward, Elizabeth A. The English walnut in southern California. The 

American Monthly Re\iew of Reviews, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 64-07. 

1904. Ware, E. G. Walnut culture and walnut blight. Pacific Fruit World, 

vol. 17, no. 14, p. 12. 

1905. Pilkington, J. B. Nut growing. Eighth Report, Oregon Board of Horti- 

culture, pp. 328-330. 

1906. Dosch, Henry E. Walnut culture. Ninth Report, Oregon Board of Hor- 

ticulture, 1905-6, pp. 187-191. 
1906. Lewis, C. I. The walnut in Oregon. Bulletin 92. Oregon Agricultural 

Experiment Station, 43 pp., 23 pis. 
1906. Oregon Nursery Company. Walnut culture on the Pacific coast. Fran- 

quette. The variety for the north and south. 12 pp., illustrated 

1906. Pomeroy, A. C. English walnuts in New York. American Agriculturist, 

vol. 78, no. 14, pp. 289, 297. 

1907. Jaffa, M. E. Nuts and their use as foods. Yearbook, Q. S. Department 

of Agriculture, 1906, pp. 295-312. 

1908. Close, C. P. Nut growing in Maryland. Bulletin 12.""., Maryland Agri- 

cultural Experiment Station, pp 197-217. 13 fi^s. 
1908. Dosch, Henry E. Nut culture in the Pacific Northwest. Nut-Grower, 

vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1, 5-7; no. 2, pp. 1. 0-7. 
1908. Jaffa. M. E. Nuts and their uses as food. Farmers' Bulletin 332, U. S. 

Dept. of Agriculture, 1908, 28 pp. Another edition, corrected to April 

20, 1910, 28 pp. 
1908. Neff, J. B. Grafting over old walnuts. Pacific Rural Press, vol. 75, 

no. 14, p. 213. 
1908. Ramsey, H. J. The possibilities of walnut-blight control by the use of 

immune varieties. Pacific Rural Press, vol. 75, no. 14, pp. 212-213; 

no. 15, pp. 228-229. 

1908. Schattenberg, G. A. The future of the walnut industry in southwest 
Texas. Bulletin 2, Texas Department of Agriculture, pp. 42^13. 

1908. Stiles, Harvey C. The walnut in southwest Texas. Bulletin 2, Texas 
Department of Agriculture, p. 43. 

1908. William son, H. M. The walnut in Oregon. Tenth Report, Oregon Board 

of Horticulture. 1907-8, pp. 116-124, 3 pis. 

1909. (Anonymous.) The Kaghazi walnut. Pacific Rural Press, vol. 77. no. 16, 

p. 301. 

1909. Walnut special. Better Fruit, vol. 4. no. 2, pp. 13-57, illustrated. 

Contents; Notes on the walnut and its propagation, by C. I. Lewis; 
Nut growing industry in the northwest, by F. W. Power: History of 
the walnut industry in Oregon, by II. M. Williamson; Walnut culture 
in the Pacific Northwest, by Henry E. Dosch; The walnut growing 
industry in France, by J. B. Pilkington. 

254 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 109 

1909. Groner, Ferd. Walnut growing in the Willamette Valley. Proceedings. 
Twenty-Fourth Meeting. Oregon State Horticultural Society, 1901). pp. 
50-53. 

1909. Prince, Thomas. Walnuts in Oregon. Proceedings, Twenty-Fourth 
Meeting, Oregon State Horticultural Society, 1909, pp. 48-49. 

1909. Ramsey, H. J. Walnut culture in the North. Third Report, Commis- 
sioner of Horticulture, California, 190T-S. pp. 130-130. Paper read 
before Thirty-lifth Fruit Growers' Convention. Discussion. Fp. 136- 
138. 

1909. Smith, R. E. Walnut blight and culture. Bulletin 203, California 

Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 24-32, figs. 7-12. Extracts in 
Pacific Rural Press, 1910, vol. 79, no. 10, p. 184. 

1910. (Anonymous.) The walnut curculio. Nut-Grower, vol. 9, no. 9. p. 132. " 
1910. (Anonymous.) Walnuts in Oregon. Nut-Grower, vol. 9, no. 12, p. 180. 
1910. Brooks, Fred E. Snout beetles that injure nuts. Bulletin 128, West 

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 146-1S5, illustrated. 
1910. Chambers, Charles A. Methods of walnut growing. Pacific Rural Press, 

vol. 79, no. 9, p. 24. 
1910. Cooper, J. C. Walnut growing in Oregon, edited by J. C. Cooper. Port- 
land, Oregon. 62 pp., illustrated. 
1910. Jones, J. F. The English walnut and its culture in the Eastern States. 

Nut-Grower, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 113-114. 
1910. Moe, Alfred K. Walnut trade of France. (Bordeaux district, 1909.) 

California Fruit Grower, vol. 41, no. 1146, p. 7. 
1910. Pfeffer, William. Notes on the growth of walnuts. Pacific Rural 

Press, vol. 79, no. 9, p. 164. 
1910. Price, Ela Madison. The walnut. A comprehensive treatise on how to 

grow it. Sacramento, California. 68 pp., illustrated. 
1910. Scott, Charles A. How to grow black walnuts. Circular 12, Kansas 

Agricultural Experiment Station, 3 pp. 
1910. Shafer, G. T. Varieties of walnuts. Nut-Grower, vol. 9, no. 7, p. 100. 

1910. Smith, R. E. Walnut varieties. Pacific Rural Press, vol. 70, no. 15, pp. 

284-285; no. 16, p. 304. 

1910. Stiles, Harvey C. Walnut in southwest Texas. Nut-Grower, vol. 9, 

no. 6, p. 84. 
1910. Tribble, Claude D. Successful grafting method for walnut. Nut-Grower, 

vol. 9, no. 1, p. 4. 

1910. Walnut stocks. Pacific Rural Press, vol. 79, no. 4, p. 64. 

1910. Van Deman, H. E. Experiments with wild walnuts. (From Rural New 

Yorker.) Pacific Rural Press, vol. 79, no. 22, p. 424. 

1910. Wickson, E. J. The English or Persian walnut. California Fruits. 

ed. 5, pp. 510-524. illustrated. 

1911. Canada, J. W. Propagating the English walnut. Southern Orchards and 

Farms, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 5 and S, illustrated. 

1911. Cowan, John L. Nuts and nut crops of America. Farm and Ranch, vol. 
30, no. 26. pp. 1-2; no. 27, p. 2, illustrated. 

1911. Kraus, E. J. A method of budding the walnut. Circular 16, Oregon Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, 8 pp., 7 figs. 

254 



110 THE PEKSIAN WALNUT INDUSTRY. 

1911. Lewis, C. I. Orchard management. Bulletin 111, Oregon Agricultural 
Experiment Station, 96 pp., 41 figs. 

1911. Meyer, Frank N. Agricultural explorations in the fruit and nut orchards 
of China. Bulletin 204, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of 
Agriculture, 1911, pp. 51-52. 

1911. Morris, Robert F. Nut culture for physicians. Reprinted from The 
Medical Council, June, 190S, and issued hy the Northern Nut Growers 
Association. 

1911. Smith, R. E. Diseases of the walnut. Bulletin 218, California Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, pp. 1172-1181, figs. 95-101. 

1911. The English walnut in northern California. Pacific Rural Press, 

vol. 81, no. 8, pp. 149. 153. 

1911. Tribble Brothers. Walnut dropping due to lack of pollination.- (From 
Pacific Rural Press.) Oregon Agriculturist, vol. 20, no. 21, p. 530. 

1911. Vincent, C. C. Top-working walnuts. Nut-Grower, vol. 10, no. 2. pp. 

21, 24. 

1912. Allen, Walter Fox. English walnuts; what you need to know about 

planting and harvesting this most delicious of nuts. Lawrenceville, 
N. J., 29 pp., illustrated. 

1912. Cooper, J. C. Walnut culture in Texas. Citrus Fruit Grower, vol. 2, 
no. 1, pp. 11-14, illustrated. 

1912. Neff, J. B. The walnut in California. California Cultivator, vol. 38, 
no. 2, pp. 38-39. 

1912. Tribble Brothers. The walnut from A to Z, Elk Grove, Cal., 16 pp., 
illustrated. 

254 



PLATES. 



254 111 



DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 1 

Plate I. (Frontispiece.) A well-kept Persian walnut orchard in California, 
illustrating the thorough tillage that may be readily maintained among 
low-headed trees. 

Plate II. Varieties of walnuts — I. The principal species and hybrids now at- 
tracting attention in this country. Upper row, from left to right: Royal 
(Juglans nigra X Juglans califomica), Paradox {Juglans regia X Juglans 
calif ornica) , Ignotum (Juglans regia X Juglans cvnerea), Butternut, or 
white walnut (Juglans cinerea). Middle row: Siebolds Japan walnut 
(Juglans sieooldiana) , Chinese walnut (Juglans regia sinensis). Heart- 
shaped Japan walnut (Jut/huts cordiformis) . Lower row: American black 
walnut (Juglans nigra); (Juglans calif ornica) , northern form, California 
black walnut, southern form: rock or Texas walnut (Juglans rupestris) , 
flat form; rock or Texas walnut (Juglans rupestris), long form: rock or 
Texas walnut (Juglans rupestris minor). Arizona form. 

Plate III. Varieties of walnuts — II. Top row, left to right: Bijou, Klondike, 
Honeydew. Bottom row : Hall. Payou, Meylan. 

Plate IV. Varieties of walnuts — III. Upper row, left to right: Grenoble, Santa 
Rosa, Persian, Sorrento. Lower row : Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara 
(Williams form), Santa Barbara (More form), Hardshell. 

Plate V. Varieties of walnuts — IV. Upper row, left to right : Mayette. Con- 
cord, Ward. Chelan. Lower row : Neff, Franquette, Parisienne. Nebo. 

Plate VI. Varieties of walnuts — V. Upper row, left to right : Two French 
seedlings (varieties on the same tree), Fertile, Chaberte. Cumberland. 
Lower row: Placentia, Mayquette, Kaghazi, Chase. 

Plate VII. Varieties of walnuts — VI. Upper row, left to right: Ford, Eureka, 
Rush, Prince. Lower row : Holden, Treyve, Payne, Prolific. 

Plate VIII. Varieties of walnuts — VII, Upper row, left to right: Alpine, Jour- 
neay, Mount. Cluster. Lower row: Vourey, Hubbard, Serotina. Late Fer- 
tile. Cutleaf. 

Plate IX. Varieties of walnuts — VIII. Upper row, left to right: Hales. Kees- 
ling, Milbank, Lane. Lower row: Hays, Lalande, Derby, Lea. Sinclair. 

Plate X. Varieties of walnuts— IX. Upper row, left to right: Chase 2, Chase 1, 
Kaghazi, Mayquette. Lower row : Poineroy. Pomeroy seedling. Chaberte, 
Fertile, Dean. 

Plate XL Varieties of walnuts— X. Upper row, left to right: Franmay, 
Prince. Wiltz. Glady. Lower row: Ellwood. Cumberland, Placentia, Per- 
sian (round). 



1 The bottom' row in each instance is the lengthwise row next the plate legend. 
254 
112 

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■Zl 31 



Bui. 254, Bureau of Plant Industry , U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate II. 




Bui. 254, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate III 




Bui- 254, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate IV. 




Bui. 254, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate V. 




Bui. 254, Bureau of Plant Industry, U, S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate VI. 




Bui. 254, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate VII. 




Bui. 254, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Depi. of Agriculture. 



Plate VIII. 







, n 







Bui. 254, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate IX. 






'$?$ 






Bui. 254, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate X. 




Bui. 254, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate XI. 











